伊兒汗阿魯渾的王妃病逝，忽必烈便遣派闊闊真公主下嫁阿魯渾。阿魯渾的使者 … 請求大汗派他們一同護送闊闊真。忽必烈答應這一要求，同時命馬可孛羅等回歐洲，轉送他致羅馬教皇和英、法等國國王的信件。1291年，馬可孛羅等人乘船從泉州啟程，經爪哇、印度洋，到達波斯灣沿岸的伊兒汗國...

the House of Borjigin (孛兒只斤) of Mongol descent Ögedei Khanate (窩闊台汗國（ㄨㄛ ㄎㄨㄛˋ ㄊㄞˊ ㄏㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ）) (AD 1225–1309) Chagatai Khanate (察合台汗國（ㄔㄚˊ ㄍㄜˇ ㄊㄞˊ ㄏㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ）)...

clans had a powerful army of almost 20,000 men. In the west of Hami (Yiwu) [伊吾], North of Karashahr (Yanqi), and close to Aqtagh (Bai [White] Mountain)...

— Weishu, 103; translated by Inaba Minoru. In 391 the Rouran chief, Heduohan (曷多汗) was killed by the Tuoba Northern Wei. Heduohan's brother Shelun raided several...

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