In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton...

organic chemistry, Lewis acid catalysis is the use of metal-based Lewis acids as catalysts for organic reactions. The acids act as an electron pair acceptor...

Catalysis (/kəˈtæləsɪs/) is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (/ˈkætəlɪst/). Catalysts are not...

In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst in a solution. In...

acid". Catalysis Today. 58 (4): 293–307. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00263-7. Skinner, Harry F. (1990). "Methamphetamine synthesis via hydriodic acid/Red...

biochemistry, many enzymes employ acid catalysis. Many biologically important molecules are acids. Nucleic acids, which contain acidic phosphate groups, include...

enzyme catalysis include general acid and base catalysis, orbital steering, entropic restriction, orientation effects (i.e. lock and key catalysis), as...

by treatment with excess water under acid-catalyzed conditions: RO·OR−H3O−O; NR·H3O−O; RNR−H3O−O. Acid catalysis can be applied to hydrolyses. For example...

A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds, as opposed to organic acids which are acidic, organic compounds...

polystyrene sulfonate, solid phosphoric acid, niobic acid, and heteropolyoxometallates. Solid acids are used in catalysis in many industrial chemical processes...

Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula HA {\displaystyle {\ce {HA}}} , to dissociate into a proton, H + {\displaystyle...

functioning as a Lewis acid. Acidic oxides will typically have a low pKa and may be inorganic or organic. A commonly encountered acidic oxide, carbon dioxide...

An acid–base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of Brønsted-Lowry acid or base (titrate) by neutralizing...

by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols under acid catalysis: RCN + 3 R'OH → RC(OR')3 + NH3 Historically the prefixes "hypo-", "per-"...

(according to the original definition) is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which has a Hammett acidity function...

+ CH3CH2OH → CH3CO2CH2CH3 + H2O The reaction can be accelerated by acid catalysis and the equilibrium can be shifted to the right by removal of water...

Asymmetric Catalysis. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 1443–1445. ISBN 978-3-540-64336-4. Childs, R.F; Mulholland, D.L; Nixon, A. (1982). "Lewis acid adducts...

logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (H+) ions) are...

ion promoted cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds involves a general acid catalysis by the metal aquo ion on the departure of the leaving group". Journal...

either acids or bases, the base-catalyzed reaction is more common. This path has lower reaction times and catalyst cost than those acid catalysis. However...

organic acids. A few common examples include: Lactic acid Acetic acid Formic acid Citric acid Oxalic acid Uric acid Malic acid Tartaric acid Butyric acid Folic...

laboratory conditions). Solutions with a pH value below 7.0 are considered acidic and solutions with pH value above 7.0 are basic. Since most naturally occurring...

of acetic acid". Applied Catalysis A: General. 221 (1–2): 253–265. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00800-6. Malveda M, Funada C (2003). "Acetic Acid". Chemicals...

The field is relatively undeveloped compared to research in Lewis acid catalysis. Hydrogen-bond donors can catalyze reactions through a variety of mechanisms...

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid gives a proton (H+) to a base—in other words,...

In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. It can be used to determine pH via titration. Several...

The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases) is an acid–base reaction theory which was first developed by Johannes Nicolaus...

silica. Some acid catalysed reactions include: the homogeneous catalysis of the hydrolysis of propene to give 2-propanol the homogeneous catalysis of the Prins...

In chemistry, an acid dissociation constant (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant; denoted ⁠ K a {\displaystyle K_{a}} ⁠) is a...

Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds....