Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) is a language-related term developed by Jim Cummins which refers to formal academic learning, as opposed...

seem to be a second language. However, in terms of many Icelandic students' Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)—the language skills required for...

acquire CALP in the second language. Cummins, Jim. (1979). Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency, Linguistic Interdependence, the Optimum Age Question and...

(evolved from FSI) Language Proficiency Index ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines ACTFL recognises ten different levels of proficiency: "novice", "intermediate"...

minority language and students of the majority language into the same classroom with the goal of academic excellence and bilingual proficiency for both...

Programs such as ESL are designed as academic courses to instruct non-native speakers in English proficiency, encompassing both learning in English-speaking...

second-language proficiency than their peers who join later. However, students who join later have been shown to gain native-like proficiency. Although...

means having proficiency in two languages. A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two languages on a regular...

Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Cummins, J. (1979). "Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and...

learning. Speech Communication, 52, 254-267. Rivera, C. (2010). Language proficiency and academic achievement. Multilingual matters. Multilingual Matters, xxi...

time and under given conditions". Foreign language aptitude itself has been defined as a set of cognitive abilities which predicts L2 learning rate,...

to become more proficient. The term language learner strategies, which incorporates strategies used for language learning and language use, is sometimes...

"The influence of language proficiency on lexical semantic processing in native and late learners of english". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 24 (5):...

students as students whose first language is not English, including both limited and higher levels of language proficiency. The term ELL emphasizes that...

concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists...

a layered cognitive process, with cognitive load increasing alongside linguistic complexity. Written language production is more cognitively demanding...

Japanese-Language Proficiency Test Medical College Admission Test SAT college entrance test Screen test PTE-A (Pearson Test of English – Academic) VET (Versant...

complex interactions between cognitive, neural, and social factors. Writing is a skill that transforms cognitive thought and language into forms for communication...

a foreign language – Foreign-language vocabulary – Linguistic competence – Linguistic performance – Language fluency – Language proficiency – Multilingualism...

students in U.S. universities who have a foreign language as a major attain "minimum professional proficiency". Even the "reading knowledge" required for a...

field of cognitive linguistics. American linguist George Lakoff presented Neural Theory of Language (NTL) as a computational basis for using language as a...

when learning aspects of a second language (L2). If language learning is a cognitive process, rather than a language acquisition device, as the school...

ability/ aptitude (intelligence tests) versus tests of achievement (academic proficiency). Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales...

Language acquisition is a natural process in which infants and children develop proficiency in the first language or languages that they are exposed to...

skills – BICS), they will naturally perform well academically (cognitive academic language proficiency – CALP) in English. It has been postulated that...

"heritage language" is more associated with the language in which proficiency was sacrificed in order to gain proficiency in the dominant language in a particular...

effectively promotes proficiency in two languages. It has been found that students enrolled in an early-immersion program learn the language being taught at...

oral language proficiency, working memory training, and written language performance (e.g., cohesion, sentence combining/reducing). In cognitive science...

2005–06 academic year. The WIDA MODEL assessment is used in the U.S. and several other countries as an interim measure of English language proficiency. Accommodations...

unable to generate their own example, but will show proficiency in the copying task. The cognitive mechanism involved in the Stroop task is referred to...