The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted...

chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The...

vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack. The slide attack is closely related to the related-key attack. The idea of the slide attack has roots in a paper...

recalculated. This allows for possible known-plaintext attacks when combined with knowledge of the underlying plaintext structure. As the first three bytes...

While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has...

The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known-plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that rely...

In a cryptographic attack a third party cryptanalyst analyzes the ciphertext to try to "break" the cipher, to read the plaintext and obtain the key so...

minutes or seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified...

dialled digit), there is a known-plaintext attack using 40 to 80 known plaintexts. For 2-byte blocks, 4 known plaintexts suffice. The "improved" CMEA...

becoming "plaintext" input for the next. Insecure handling of plaintext can introduce weaknesses into a cryptosystem by letting an attacker bypass the...

known-plaintext attack based on the non-uniform distribution of the outputs of pairs of adjacent S-boxes. It works by collecting many known plaintext/ciphertext...

plaintexts that give equal intermediate values in the encryption process. He presented both a chosen-plaintext attack and a known-plaintext attack; each...

especially when the attempted crack depends on successfully seeding a known-plaintext attack, which often requires an inspired guess based on how specific the...

can also include known plaintext attacks where both the plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext are known. While active attackers can interact with...

000 was offered for the best attack on one round of REDOC-II, and $20,000 for the best practical known-plaintext attack. REDOC III is a more efficient...

key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted...

Unfortunately, this approach is vulnerable to the meet-in-the-middle attack: given a known plaintext pair ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} , such that y = E K 2...

XOR operator in any of these ciphers is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also...

1993; 1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 247 known plaintexts. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested...

describes an attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement that needs only 20 chosen plaintexts. Murphy and...

manner. If an attacker somehow obtains one plaintext corresponding to one ciphertext—a known-plaintext attack, or worse, a chosen plaintext or chosen-ciphertext...

port 587 was assigned as the SMTP submission port, but was initially in plaintext, with encryption eventually provided years later by the STARTTLS extension...

Systems Laboratory. Matsui, M. & Yamagishi, A. "A new method for known plaintext attack of FEAL cipher". Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 1992. Wu, Shengbao;...

variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive. The attack relies on having...

cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of...

such an attack against 7 out of 10 rounds of the AES cipher and another attack against a generalized Feistel cipher. Their attack finds plaintext/ciphertext...

example, the plaintext "THIS IS WIKIPEDIA" could be encrypted to "TWDIP SIHII IKASE". To decipher the encrypted message without the key, an attacker could try...

store password validation data for authentication. Rather than store the plaintext of user passwords, an access control system stores a hash of the password...

Meddler-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacker removes the STARTTLS capability from the server response, they can easily downgrade the connection to plaintext. "Manipulator-in-the-middle...

attack also vulnerable to a known plaintext attack. However, a block cipher must not be vulnerable to a chosen plaintext attack to be considered secure....