In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including...

A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic...

distribution for a gas of material particles at thermal equilibrium, so is Planck's distribution for a gas of photons. By contrast to a material gas where the...

Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive particles by Albert Einstein, who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate...

massive Bose gas as well as black body radiation (photon gas) which may be treated as a massless Bose gas, in which thermalization is usually assumed to...

thermal de Broglie wavelength of the gas and g is the degeneracy of states. An ideal gas of bosons (e.g. a photon gas) will be governed by Bose–Einstein...

with photons. Gas lasers employ the interaction kinetics between fluid particles and photons, and laser cooling has been also considered in CO2 gas laser...

2 {\displaystyle |p|\ll \rho c^{2}} , while a gas of ultrarelativistic particles (such as a photon gas) has positive pressure p = ρ c 2 / 3 {\displaystyle...

matter out of a photon gas, this gas must not only have a very high photon density, but also be very hot – the energy (temperature) of photons must obviously...

the walls of the textbook example for a photon gas of blackbody radiation - it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential here is never different...

formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance...

single-photon source (also known as a single photon emitter) is a light source that emits light as single particles or photons. Single-photon sources...

since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By...

Prevost in 1791. Prevost considered that what is nowadays called the photon gas or electromagnetic radiation was a fluid that he called "free heat". Prevost...

prevent the penetration of far-UV photons from distant, massive stars. A typical and well-studied example is the gas at the boundary of a giant molecular...

momentum gained from the spontaneous emission of a photon. The Doppler limit has been verified with a gas of metastable helium. Temperatures well below the...

behavior of thermal phonons is similar to the photon gas produced by an electromagnetic cavity, wherein photons may be emitted or absorbed by the cavity walls...

accurately describes the full spectrum, derived by treating the radiation as a photon gas and accordingly applying Bose–Einstein in place of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics...

A Lyman-Werner photon is an ultraviolet photon with a photon energy in the range of 11.2 to 13.6 eV, corresponding to the energy range in which the Lyman...

Peter Debye followed in 1912 with a new model based on Max Planck's photon gas, where the vibrations are not to individual oscillators but as vibrational...

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue...

high frequency photons scattering following an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon hits electrons...

electrons can recombine to form hydrogen atoms, emitting photons which take energy out of the gas, leading to runaway cooling. Left to itself this would...

frequency of the photon, and h is the Planck constant. Thus, higher frequency photons have more energy. For example, a 1020 Hz gamma ray photon has 1019 times...

wavelengths less than 10 picometers (1×10−11 m), gamma ray photons have the highest photon energy of any form of electromagnetic radiation. Paul Villard...

high photon energy is able to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do...

\left({\frac {2+3\delta }{2}}\right)} where γ is the thermodynamic exponent of a photon gas, E2 is the prompt energy density of the fuel, α is Vn (neutron velocity)...

ionizing events by collision with gas molecules. These collisions produce further avalanches, which in turn produce more photons, and thereby more avalanches...

transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states...

radiation with a certain amount of energy at thermodynamic equilibrium, this "photon gas" will have a Planck distribution of energies. One may suppose a second...