A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the haploid phase)...

moss life-cycle starts with a haploid spore that germinates to produce a protonema (pl. protonemata), which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or...

emerging from the opposite end. The germ tube develops into the hypha, protonema or thallus of the gametophyte. In seedless vascular plants such as ferns...

become thalloid, and can produce a few rhizoids. Soon afterwards, the protonema develops buds and these differentiate into its characteristic, erect,...

haploid spore to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the...

growing on potato dextrose agar Knop agar is used to axenically culture protonema and whole moss plants, such as those of Physcomitrella patens, a model...

spore germinates. In either case, the protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a hornwort. From the protonema grows the adult gametophyte, which is...

cell divides to produce the protonemal initial, from which the primary protonema arises, and the rhizoidal initial, from which the primary rhizoid descends...

Helicobasidium brebissonii (Desm.) Donk (1958) Hypochnus purpureus Tul. (1865) Protonema brebissonii Desm. (1834) Rhizoctonia asparagi Fuckel (1870) Rhizoctonia...

its juvenile form, the protonema, under the influence of phytohormones (mainly cytokinins). Whereas the filamentous protonema grows by apical cell division...

adapted to grow in low light conditions by utilizing spherical cells in the protonema that act as lenses, collecting and concentrating even the faintest light...

of the family Mitteniaceae in the order Pottiales. It has luminescent protonema. Goffinet, B.; Buck, W. R.; Shaw, A. J. (2008). "Morphology and Classification...

regeneration. Instead, they regenerate directly into the filamentous protonema, mimicking a germinating moss spore. Protoplasts may also be used for...

corresponding organs in other algae. As a result of fertilization, a protonema is formed, from which the sexually reproducing algae develops. A new terrestrial...

haploid spore that germinates to produce a protonema, which are thread-like filaments or thalloid. Protonema is a combination of chloronema, caulonema...

viridis is microscopic, existing mostly as non-competitive, slow-growing protonema. It is not desiccation-tolerant. B. viridis is dioicus, with its antheridia...

transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific...

into the sea through papillae. After fertilisation, the zygote becomes a protonema and this in turn develops into a new thallus. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M...

stages: juvenile and adult. The juvenile stage is represented by "primary protonema" (thread-like structures formed directly by spore germination). The adult...

with the haploid spore, which then germinates into a thalloid protonema. The protonema then gives rise to the leafy gametophyte which houses the male...

spore germinates it grows to produce a filament of cells (called the protonema). The mature gametophyte of mosses develops into leafy shoots that produce...

of the moss. To ensure a maximum growth rate, the moss is kept at the protonema stage by continuous mechanical disruption, e.g. by using rotating blades...

After being dispersed as a haploid spore, it develops protonema. The first stage of protonema is chloronema which consists of irregular branching, transverse...

called protonema, composed of two types of cells – chloronema with large and numerous chloroplasts and caulonema with very fast growth. Protonema filaments...

haploid spore which quickly germinates to become a uniseriate protonema. This protonema serves members of Splachnaceae by quickly colonizing its preferred...

Oedocladium Oedocladium protonema Scientific classification (unranked): Viridiplantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Oedogoniales Family:...

carried hemisphere-wide by the jet streams. They germinate to algae-like protonema, which then convert to more robust gametophytes. Species are suited to...

germinate and grow into a narrow long rhizoid-like form named a protonema. This protonema develops buds which grow to become either a male or female gametophyte...

He directly observed the germination of spores and formation of the protonema. He was less successful with other sporophytes, being unable to determine...

changes and new moss record in Australia: including a description of the protonema of Calomnion. Journal of Bryology 16, 261-273. Vitt DH (1995) The genus...