known gauge bosons are vector bosons. Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second...

physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary...

gauge bosons had non-zero (rest) mass. Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as Goldstone bosons...

Model includes 4 kinds of gauge bosons of spin 1, with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers...

of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, then the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian gauge theory...

mass via the Higgs mechanism Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ   Photon – the force carrier of the...

rise to the gauge bosons that mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin (W1, W2, and W3), and the B boson of weak hypercharge...

vacuum, a photon has two possible polarization states. The photon is the gauge boson for electromagnetism,: 29–30  and therefore all other quantum numbers...

The hypothetical graviton has spin = 2; it is unknown whether it is a gauge boson as well. In the Standard Model, elementary particles are represented...

generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, all bosons (one of the two classes of particles, the other...

In particle physics, W′ and Z′ bosons (or W-prime and Z-prime bosons) refer to hypothetical gauge bosons that arise from extensions of the electroweak...

known gauge bosons that are both believed to be massless; the other is the gluon (carrier of the strong force). The only other confirmed gauge bosons are...

particle physics, a vector boson is a boson whose spin equals one. Vector bosons that are also elementary particles are gauge bosons, the force carriers of...

particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous...

polarized massive gauge boson becomes equal to the amplitude for emission or absorption of the Goldstone boson that was eaten by the gauge boson.: 743–744  In...

three composite bosons are the W+ , W− , and Z0  bosons actually observed in the weak interaction. The fourth electroweak gauge boson is the photon (γ)...

the X and Y bosons (sometimes collectively called "X bosons": 437 ) are hypothetical elementary particles analogous to the W and Z bosons, but corresponding...

fundamental interactions, using mediating gauge bosons. The species of gauge bosons are eight gluons, W− , W+ and Z bosons, and the photon. The Standard Model...

catheters Gauge theory Gauge integral Gauge fixing Gauge boson Gauge (Minkowski functional) Gauge (knitting), the number of stitches in a given length Gauge (actress)...

is a vector boson, which means it has a spin of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gauge bosons like the gluon...

gauge freedom axes within the space of detailed configurations. This leads to the explicit appearance of forward and backward polarized gauge bosons in...

altogether relativistic quantum field theory (QFT). Force particles, called gauge bosons—force carriers or messenger particles of underlying fields—interact with...

Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories...

gauge field; when quantized, the gauge field becomes a gauge boson. The charges of the theory "radiate" the gauge field. Thus, for example, the gauge...

unification, the W0 boson mixes with the weak hypercharge gauge boson B0 ; both have weak isospin = 0 . This results in the observed Z0 boson and the photon...

than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only...

force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination...

which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle...

coupling of leptons to all types of gauge boson are flavour-independent: The interaction between leptons and a gauge boson measures the same for each lepton...

avoided. They showed how gauge bosons can acquire non-zero masses as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking within gauge invariant models of the universe...