inference, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal...

not take up their offers of employment. In 1997, he formed the company Confounding Factor along with co-developer Paul Douglas, who had worked with Gard...

tower with its top in the sky. Yahweh, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters...

can be done either by adding the confounding variable as a control in regression, or by matching on the confounding variable. PSM has been shown to increase...

unduly given causal interpretations. The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed in the statistical...

additional variables that are thought to serve as confounders. By pairing students whose values on the confounding variables are similar, a greater fraction of...

confounding occurs when RA0 ≠ RB0. (NB: Example assumes binary outcome and exposure variables.) Some epidemiologists prefer to think of confounding separately...

that controls for every confounding factor, so also must the user of multiple regression be careful to control for all confounding factors by including them...

minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). This increases the reliability of the results, often through...

Animism (from Latin: anima meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence....

being studied, but also any potential confounding variables, thus avoiding omitted variable bias. "Confounding variables" in this context means other...

Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures are tactical or strategic actions taken by an attacker to overwhelm, destroy, or evade anti-ballistic missile...

The manticore or mantichore (Latin: mantichora; reconstructed Old Persian: *martyahvārah; Modern Persian: مردخوار mard-khar) is a legendary creature from...

This chapter introduces the idea of confounding and describes how causal diagrams can be used to identify confounding variables and determine their effect...

A nonstress test (NST) is a screening test used in pregnancy to assess fetal status by means of the fetal heart rate and its responsiveness. A cardiotocograph...

identify and measure the confounding variable(s). Such techniques can be used to model and partial out the effects of confounding variables techniques, thereby...

response to injury. Resins protect plants from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens, while the volatile...

In databases, change data capture (CDC) is a set of software design patterns used to determine and track the data that has changed (the "deltas") so that...

says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance". Most Christians (Catholic, Eastern...

The Antonine Itinerary (Latin: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, "Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances...

tingling." Measuring the extent of the placebo effect is difficult due to confounding factors. For example, a patient may feel better after taking a placebo...

effects. Design of experiments, using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables, and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow...

enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. An...

adjustment, in chiropractic practice In statistics, compensation for confounding variables Setting (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles...

Along with the advantages of dendroclimatology are some limitations: confounding factors, geographic coverage, annular resolution, and collection difficulties...

startling, original genre pieces that have revelled in their own complexity, confounding every maxim by which the studios hope to appeal to the widest audience...

Recognizing that some of the studies potentially included the presence of confounding factors, such as the possibility that women who regularly perform fellatio...

part owner of the club. In their first season at the J1 League in 2012, confounding the prediction of many critics about their immediate relegation to J2...

Madagascar has experienced several outbreaks of bubonic and pneumonic plague in the 21st century. In the outbreak beginning in 2014, 71 died; in 2017,...

after accounting for confounding variables, there does not appear to be any relationship between race and deadly force once confounders are taken into account...