Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding...

the case of DFT, these are functionals of the spatially dependent electron density. DFT is among the most popular and versatile methods available in condensed-matter...

reaction. An electron withdrawing group (EWG) will have the opposite effect on the nucleophilicity of the ring. The EWG removes electron density from a π...

are now mostly made using density functional theory (DFT), which directly calculates the electron density. This electron density is then analyzed using the...

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms...

topological analysis of the electron density of molecules. Such quantum chemical topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF)...

The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. It is a fundamental particle that...

Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region...

the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean...

proposed. While electron density ρ(r) itself generally does not provide useful guidance in this regard, the Laplacian of the electron density is revealing...

crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal and the positions of the atoms, as well as their...

fixed and it depends upon the electron density of the ionosphere. Critical frequency can be computed with the electron density given by: f c = 9 N max {\displaystyle...

the electron concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ...

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs...

Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation...

concentrated sulfuric acid. Groups that are electron-withdrawing by resonance decrease the electron density especially at positions 2, 4 and 6, leaving...

natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An electron density distribution of a molecule is a probability distribution...

variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC)....

measurement of electron density, ion temperature and electron temperatures, ion composition and plasma velocity. If there is a greater amount of electrons present...

^{2}}{5m_{\text{e}}}}{\rho _{\text{e}}}^{5/3},} where ρe is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal, one can prove...

A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one...

_{pe}^{2}} In an unmagnetized plasma for the high frequency or low electron density limit, i.e. for ω ≫ ω p e = ( n e e 2 / m e ϵ 0 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle...

function that describes the electron density in a frontier orbital, as a result of a small change in the total number of electrons. The condensed Fukui function...

sensitive to a variety of factors including: (1) metal identity and electron density, (2) sterics, (3) participating ligands, (4) coordination number, (5)...

this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through the two bonded...

the α- and γ-protons in comparison to benzene result from the lower electron density in the α- and γ-positions, which can be derived from the resonance...

is proportional to the charge density of the electron at any point. In atoms and molecules the charge of the electrons is distributed in clouds called...

tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is...

quantum physics. It states that for generalized Coulomb potentials, the electron density has a cusp at the position of the nuclei, where it satisfies Z k =...

electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is a quasiparticle denoting the lack of an electron at a position where one could...