Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding...

the case of DFT, these are functionals of the spatially dependent electron density. DFT is among the most popular and versatile methods available in condensed-matter...

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms...

topological analysis of the electron density of molecules. Such quantum chemical topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF)...

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs...

proposed. While electron density ρ(r) itself generally does not provide useful guidance in this regard, the Laplacian of the electron density is revealing...

The electron ( e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first...

Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region...

measurement of electron density, ion temperature and electron temperatures, ion composition and plasma velocity. If there is a greater amount of electrons present...

fixed and it depends upon the electron density of the ionosphere. Critical frequency can be computed with the electron density given by: f c = 9 N max {\displaystyle...

are now mostly made using density functional theory (DFT), which directly calculates the electron density. This electron density is then analyzed using the...

^{2}}{5m_{\text{e}}}}{\rho _{\text{e}}}^{5/3},} where ρe is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal, one can prove...

sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure...

the electron concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ...

reaction. An electron withdrawing group (EWG) will have the opposite effect on the nucleophilicity of the ring. The EWG removes electron density from a π...

conduction band for electrons, integrating over the valence band for holes). If the total number of charge carriers is known, the carrier density can be found...

is proportional to the charge density of the electron at any point. In atoms and molecules the charge of the electrons is distributed in clouds called...

difference density map or Fo–Fc map shows the spatial distribution of the difference between the measured electron density of the crystal and the electron density...

effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting...

this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through the two bonded...

sensitive to a variety of factors including: 1) metal identity and electron density; 2) sterics; 3) participating ligands; 4) coordination number; 5) geometry;...

the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean...

bonded electrons – the molecular orbitals – as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are made by applying the density functional...

A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one...

electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density....

function that describes the electron density in a frontier orbital, as a result of a small change in the total number of electrons. The condensed Fukui function...

lattice if the electron density is less than a critical value. This is because the potential energy dominates the kinetic energy at low densities, so the detailed...

_{pe}^{2}} In an unmagnetized plasma for the high frequency or low electron density limit, i.e. for ω ≫ ω p e = ( n e e 2 / m e ϵ 0 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle...

electron density at the aryl carbon bonded to the carbonyl carbon (10c, 11d). Phenyl groups have low migratory aptitude, but higher electron density at...

tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is...