The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling...

different genes, signals, and a unique region of ectoderm called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Research by Saunders and Gasseling in 1948 identified the...

between specialized ectodermal cells and the underlying mesoderm. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the underlying...

be a result of a wedge-shaped defect of the apical ectoderm of the limb bud (AER: apical ectodermal ridge). Polydactyly, syndactyly and cleft hand can...

anemia and TAR syndrome.Other possible causes are an injury to the apical ectodermal ridge during upper limb development, intrauterine compression, or maternal...

develop. Saunders researched the vertebrate limb and studied the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). This research was critical in recognizing growth factors...

and positive feedback retention of two signaling regions: the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) with the mesenchymal...

formation of an organizer at the end of the limb bud, called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which guides further development and controls cell death...

abbreviated Aer Agranular endoplasmic reticulum, a cell organelle Apical ectodermal ridge, critical component of vertebrate limb development Albumin Excretion...

Poland syndrome. Abnormality of an embryonic structure called the apical ectodermal ridge, which helps direct early limb development, may also be involved...

lacrimal gland, tarsal glands, and the conjunctiva of the eye The apical ectodermal ridge, which induces the development of the limb buds of the embryo List...

been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity. The chicken was the first...

morphogen called fibroblast growth factors must be secreted from the apical ectodermal ridge. Sonic hedgehog has also been shown to act as an axonal guidance...

involves many signaling molecules such as FGF, BMP, SHH and WNT. The apical ectodermal ridge is a structure found at the distal most tip which becomes a key...

eventually becomes an apical ectodermal cap (AEC) that forms on the tip of the stump. This is similar to the embryonic apical ectodermal ridge, which forms during...

progress zone is a layer of mesodermal cells immediately beneath the apical ectodermal ridge in the developing limb bud. The fate of the mesodermal cells is...

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. Ectodermal cells at the distal end of the buds form the apical ectodermal ridge, which creates an area of rapidly proliferating...

early skeletogenesis, where nerves grow into the limb bud and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a structure that ensures proper limb development, appears...

; Vogel A.; Booth I.; Martin G.R. (1993). "FGF-* replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb". Cell. 75 (3):...

distal end, the differentiation of skeletal elements occurs in an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) which expands in rays. A Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)...

ectoderm to form an important organizing structure called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER reciprocatively secretes FGF8 and FGF4 which maintains...

glycosyltransferases. The gene products of radical fringe stimulate the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in limb-bud formation. The mouse and human Fringe family members...

limb buds. Ultimately, TBX4 and TBX5 lead to the development of apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling centers in...

the development map of cortical area. FGF8 signaling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which borders the distal end of the limb bud, is necessary...

patterning of the limb and has been implicated in the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The AER is essential for the distal patterning of the limb...

In 1969, a scientist named John Saunders established that the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)--a transparent rim along limb buds—plays an important role...

resulting in a bulge. Afterwards, FGF10 will induce the formation of apical ectodermal ridge (AER) where the foot and hands will be formed. Lung development...

acting as an autocrine or paracrine ligand. FGFs produced in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) are critical for the proper forelimb and hindlimb outgrowth...

that zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) requires maintenance of apical ectodermal ridge (AER). The dependence of ZPA on ARE indicates the linkage between...

These transcription factors are Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) specific in limb development. The Apical Ectodermal Ridge signaling is important for specification...