In quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one...

Look up indistinguishability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Indistinguishability may refer to: Identical (indistinguishable) particles Computational...

interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles. While sometimes called an exchange force, or, in the case of...

states space of a variable or unknown number of identical particles from a single particle Hilbert space H. It is named after V. A. Fock who first introduced...

non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It...

particles: any physical prediction relating multiple indistinguishable particles must not change when the particles are exchanged. In a quantum system, a physical...

when one of its particles is replaced by another particle, these two particles are called distinguishable. Bosons Bosons are particles with integer spin...

non-interacting identical particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibrium. The aggregation of particles in the same state...

example, a system with two indistinguishable particles, with particle 1 in state ⁠ ψ 1 {\displaystyle \psi _{1}} ⁠ and particle 2 in state ⁠ ψ 2 {\displaystyle...

parameters of separate particles. When an ensemble describes a system of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually...

indistinguishable particles (in fact, indistinguishability is a prerequisite for defining a chemical potential in a consistent manner; all particles of...

This is a list of known and hypothesized particles. Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether...

where m is the number of sets of indistinguishable particles in the final state, and kj is the number of particles of type j, so that ∑ j = 1 m k j =...

material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium. It is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is...

problem in physics. Particle physicists study matter made from fundamental particles whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles – gauge bosons –...

Bose–Einstein correlation between particles and antiparticles[citation needed]. The wave function of two identical particles is symmetric or antisymmetric...

Standard Model of elementary particle interactions requires the existence of a number of particles. However, some particles (the W and Z bosons) would then...

derivation of entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles yields an expression for entropy which is not extensive (is...

of particles. The grand canonical partition function applies to a grand canonical ensemble, in which the system can exchange both heat and particles with...

} ( 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } ) under the exchange of identical particles, a particle with braid statistics leads to a rational fraction of π {\displaystyle...

gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to be seen with a microscope, in constant, random motion. These particles are now known to be the atoms...

degrees of freedom. In a system of particles, the number of degrees of freedom n depends on the number of particles N in a way that depends on the physical...

of particles, where any two particles of the same kind are indistinguishable and exchangeable. When the state is written in terms of the particles' individual...

the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle, and the indistinguishability of the particles. Summing the four pieces, the Sackur–Tetrode equation is...

for various types of particle. The grand canonical ensemble contains states of varying energy and varying numbers of particles; the different states...

helium-4 (the alpha particle), carbon-12, lead-208, and many others. As quantum particles, the behaviour of multiple indistinguishable bosons at high densities...

S is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and N is the number of particles in the system. The change in the grand potential is given by d Φ G = d...

long as the particles are distinguishable, a point in phase space is said to be a microstate of the system. (For indistinguishable particles a microstate...

caused by permanent atomic currents. The motion of classical charged particles could not explain permanent currents though, as shown by Larmor. In order...

magnetic field. In zero field, there will be no net motion of charged particles because the system is not able to rotate. There will therefore be an average...