physics and particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known as isobaric...

with zero weak isospin do not. Weak isospin is a construct parallel to the idea of isospin under the strong interaction. Weak isospin is usually given...

quarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered to be a single particle in different charged states. The mathematics of isospin was modeled after...

interaction, weak isospin is conserved: The sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles entering the interaction equals the sum of the weak isospin numbers...

particle, but in different isospin states. The mathematics of isospin was modeled after the mathematics of spin. Isospin projections varied in increments...

symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as isospin and denoted I (or sometimes T). Isospin is an SU(2) symmetry, like ordinary spin, so is completely...

level of the whole atom. Analogously, the five flavour quantum numbers (isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness or topness) can characterize the quantum...

In particle physics, isospin multiplets are families of hadrons with approximately equal masses. All particles within a multiplet, have the same spin...

quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin. It is frequently denoted Y W {\displaystyle Y_{\mathsf {W}}} and corresponds...

hypercharge provides a single charge operator that accounts for properties of isospin, electric charge, and flavour. The hypercharge is useful to classify hadrons;...

without changing the dynamics of the system. These fields are the weak isospin fields W1, W2, and W3, and the weak hypercharge field B. This invariance...

quarks each. The isospin analogy also applies to quarks, and is the source of the names up (as in "isospin up") and down (as in "isospin down") for the...

strong interactions, isospin symmetry remains a useful calculational tool, and its violation introduces corrections to the isospin-symmetric results. Because...

as two states of the same nucleon, and together form an isospin doublet (I = ⁠1/2⁠). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely...

not only electric charge, but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin. Because of a phenomenon known as color confinement, a hadron cannot have...

particle, but with different isospin quantum numbers; conventionally, the proton is isospin up, while the neutron is isospin down. The strong force is invariant...

representation (T = ⁠ 1 /2⁠) of the weak isospin SU(2) gauge symmetry. This means that these particles are eigenstates of the isospin projection T3 with eigenvalues...

flavor symmetry. This classification scheme organized the hadrons into isospin multiplets, but the physical basis behind it was still unclear. In 1964...

particular, since χ ∈ L has weak isospin ⁠1/2⁠ like the Higgs field H, and η {\displaystyle \eta } has weak isospin 0, the mass parameter M can be generated...

component of the isospin "vector". G-parity is a combination of charge conjugation and a π rad (180°) rotation around the 2nd axis of isospin space. Given...

called an isospin singlet, mathematically analogous to how a spin-0 particle behaves under ordinary rotation. In general, particles form isospin multiplets...

weak isospin SU(2) transformations the left-handed particles are weak-isospin doublets, whereas the right-handed are singlets – i.e. the weak isospin of...

initial model of proton-neutron binding in 1932, Eugene Wigner introduced isospin in 1937, the first 'internal' quantum number unrelated to a symmetry in...

under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much...

Together, the pions form a triplet of isospin. Each pion has overall isospin (I = 1) and third-component isospin equal to its charge (Iz = +1, 0, or −1)...

SU(3) flavor symmetry. This ordered hadrons into isospin multiplets. The physical basis behind both isospin and strangeness was only explained in 1964, when...

leptons involved, following the convention in use for the sign of weak isospin and the sign of strangeness quantum number (for quarks), both of which...

numbers Isospin: I or I3 Charm: C Strangeness: S Topness: T Bottomness: B′ Related quantum numbers Baryon number: B Lepton number: L Weak isospin: T or...

sometimes also used to refer to other, different quantities, such as weak isospin, weak hypercharge, or the vector coupling of a fermion to the Z boson (i...

distinguished from neutrinos by having opposite-signed lepton number and weak isospin, and right-handed instead of left-handed chirality. To conserve total lepton...