Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost)...

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist...

usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change...

Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification,...

wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere...

leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate system. If tipping points are crossed, they are likely to have severe impacts...

The Trewartha climate classification (TCC), or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC), is a climate classification system first published by...

Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities. The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from...

treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases...

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 as an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference, to ensure that the observations...

Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group (in this case temperate climates). Temperate climates or "C" zones average...

Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers...

ecology, and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science. The Science Education Resource...

(IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate. The...

Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an...

An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance. The...

The Climate Forecast System or coupled forecast system (CFS) is a medium to long range numerical weather prediction and a climate model run by the National...

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research...

climate system's internal variability.: 2222  External forcing refers to "a forcing agent outside the climate system causing a change in the climate system": 2229 ...

temperate climates in the Köppen climate classification system where they are identified by their first letter, a capital D. In the Trewartha climate classification...

include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity). Disputes over the key scientific...

increasing temperatures have secondary effects on the climate system. These secondary effects are called climate feedbacks. Self-reinforcing feedbacks include...

system that can either amplify (a positive feedback) or diminish (a negative feedback) the effects of a change in climate forcing. The climate system...

significant seasonal variation. Clouds play multiple critical roles in the climate system and diurnal cycle. In particular, being bright objects in the visible...

that advances basic understanding of the dynamics and physics of the climate system on large spatial scales, including variability of the atmosphere, oceans...

unintended disruptions of natural systems, resulting in a dilemma that such disruptions might be more damaging than the climate damage that they offset. However...

and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2024. 19 March: "The climate crisis is the defining challenge that humanity...

cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system. It also has important feedbacks on the climate system. These feedbacks come from the cryosphere's...

level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The Kyoto Protocol applied to the seven greenhouse gases...

the surface into the deep ocean. All this has impacts on the global climate system. Ocean water contains dissolved gases, including oxygen, carbon dioxide...