Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order...

relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt...

Consider a coin-flipping game with two players where each player has a 50% chance of winning with each flip of the coin. After each flip of the coin the loser...

independent. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is a repeated coin flipping, possibly with an unfair coin (but with consistent unfairness). Every variable Xi in...

opposite of the critical region specified by the test. For example, if flipping a coin, testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one-tailed test, and...

often made by referring to an ideal coin. John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the...

relativistic protocols for coin flipping and bit-commitment have been shown by Kent. Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum coin flipping is a protocol that...

"flippism", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin. It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision"...

to affect only one flip in a lifetime of flipping; also it is always possible for an unfair (or "biased") coin to happen to turn up exactly 10 heads in...

"conservative" bet-hedging, "diversified" bet-hedging, and "adaptive coin flipping." In conservative bet hedging, individuals lower their expected fitness...

ancient times, including well-known examples like the rolling of dice, coin flipping, the shuffling of playing cards, the use of yarrow stalks (for divination)...

playing a game of coin flipping. Suppose Xn is the gambler's fortune after n tosses of a fair coin, such that the gambler wins $1 if the coin toss outcome...

suppose that the coin flipping example also states as part of the information that the coin has a side (S) (i.e., it is a real coin). Denote this new...

toss, saying the same words she says in the novel after losing the coin toss, "the coin didn't have no say. It was just you." The movie then cuts to a shot...

include: Flipping a coin. In this context, obverse ("heads") conventionally denotes success and reverse ("tails") denotes failure. A fair coin has the...

applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a...

coin to win a particular object. There are two types of coin flipping protocols: Weak coin flipping protocols: The two players A and B initially start with...

dictionary. Heads or Tails refers to coin flipping. Heads or Tails may also refer to: Heads or Tails (game) using repeated coin flips Heads or Tails (1937 film)...

conceived the idea of Two-Face flipping a coin scarred on one side to determine which side of his personality emerges: evil if the coin flip results in the scarred...

possibilities for flipping a coin. Flipping a head and flipping a tail are collectively exhaustive events, and there is a probability of one of flipping either a...

of life called flipism, in which all decisions in life are made by flipping a coin. The story first appeared in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #149...

in, a person participates in a simple game where they toss a fair coin. If the coin lands heads, the person gains 50% on their current wealth; if it lands...

1981 article, "Coin Flipping by Telephone: A Protocol for Solving Impossible Problems," which begins, "Alice and Bob want to flip a coin by telephone."...

Heads and Tails may refer to: Obverse and reverse, sides of a coin Coin flipping Heads and Tails (card game), a solitaire card game which uses two decks...

paradox or St. Petersburg lottery is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless...

Gilles (December 1984). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems & Signal Processing...

even oversimplified the algorithm in a way that makes it equivalent to coin flipping. Furthermore, attempts using quantum computers with other algorithms...

of coins, dice, and cards with high accuracy: Persi Diaconis's work with coin-flipping machines is a practical example of this. A symmetric coin has...

often used as a fair choosing method between two people, similar to coin flipping, drawing straws, or throwing dice in order to settle a dispute or make...

Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Quantum coin flipping Quantum money Quantum key distribution BB84 SARG04 other protocols Quantum secret...