Coal combustion products (CCPs), also called coal combustion wastes (CCWs) or coal combustion residuals (CCRs), are categorized in four groups, each based...

to reduce coal's impact on human health and the environment. The combustion of coal releases diverse chemicals into the air. The main products are water...

Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It is a type of creosote. It has both medical and...

atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion does not always result in fire, because a flame is...

coal ash basin or surface impoundment, is an engineered structure used at coal-fired power stations for the disposal of two types of coal combustion products:...

spontaneous combustion. However, five elements are needed for an explosion to occur: oxygen, an ignition source, coal dust, dispersion of the coal dust, and...

considering improper storage is the main cause of spontaneous combustion. Materials such as coal, cotton, hay, and oils should be stored at proper temperatures...

A coal-seam fire is a burning of an outcrop or underground coal seam. Most coal-seam fires exhibit smouldering combustion, particularly underground coal-seam...

are two kinds of enthalpy of combustion, called high(er) and low(er) heat(ing) value, depending on how much the products are allowed to cool and whether...

high water content renders some types of sub-bituminous coals susceptible to spontaneous combustion if not packed densely during storage in order to exclude...

Coal ash, also known as coal combustion residuals (CCRs), is the mineral residue that remains from burning coal. Exposure to coal ash and to the toxic...

taken from coal or petroleum. The term was in use by the late 18th century for oil produced as a by-product of the production of coal gas and coal tar. In...

the use of its products. In addition to atmospheric pollution, coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually, including...

heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal[citation needed]. Q can be determined...

are black coal, hard coal, stone coal, dark coal, coffee coal, blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), crow coal or craw coal, and black...

incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO);...

potassium (K+) and protons (H+). Such materials occur as minerals, coal combustion products and as synthetic materials, often in the form of zeolites. Both...

United States, bituminous coal is defined as agglomerating coal yielding at least 10,500 Btu/lb (24,400 kJ/kg) of energy on combustion (on a moist, mineral-matter-free...

light gases (e.g. coal gas) and tar have been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of combustion, which is known...

decomposes organic substances in the coal, driving off water and other volatile and liquid products such as coal gas and coal tar. Coke is the non-volatile residue...

atmospheric or vacuum distillation column into higher-value products and produces petroleum coke—a coal-like material". In heterogeneous catalysis, the process...

Coal slurry is a mixture of solids (mined coal or coal waste) and liquids (water or organic) produced by a coal preparation plant. To transform the coal...

many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "coal to liquid fuels" (CTL). Coal liquefactions originally was developed...

environmental toxics. Coal mining, coal combustion wastes, and flue gas are causing major environmental damage. Water systems are affected by coal mining. For example...

liquid cargo movement Change Control Request Coal combustion residuals, a term for coal combustion products Conradson Carbon Residue, in crude-oil refining...

largest producer of coal in the world, while Australia is the largest coal exporter. Countries with the largest proven black coal reserves are the United...

mines and mountaintop removal, air pollution, and coal combustion's contribution to global warming. Coal extraction methods vary depending on whether the...

coal miners try to reprocess these wastes. In more industrialized economies, this may include complex reprocessing, such as fluidized bed combustion in...

fuel oil and coal. The data were obtained by stoichiometric calculations. The total amount of wet flue gas generated by coal combustion is only 10 percent...

and lignite (brown) coals, raising their calorific values. Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and processes...