A quark (/kwɔːrk, kwɑːrk/) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called...

species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with...

number of valence quarks, conventionally three. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons; because baryons are composed of quarks, they belong to the...

matter is a degenerate gas of quarks that is often assumed to contain strange quarks in addition to the usual up and down quarks. Color superconductor materials...

massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless...

subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron...

Protons and neutrons are not elementary particles; each is composed of three quarks. The chemical properties of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration...

the quarks that make up protons: current quark mass refers to the mass of a quark by itself, while constituent quark mass refers to the current quark mass...

a neutron, composed of two down quarks and an up quark, decays to a proton composed of a down quark and two up quarks. Electron capture is sometimes included...

equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles,...

of three quarks; or a meson, composed of two quarks), or an elementary particle, which is not composed of other particles (for example, quarks; or electrons...

are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons...

particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known as isobaric spin or isotopic...

up quark has T3 = ⁠++1/2⁠ and the down quark has T3 = ⁠−+1/2⁠. A quark never decays through the weak interaction into a quark of the same T3: Quarks with...

process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons. There are two main branches of hadronization: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transformation and colour...

nuclear fission (shape isomers and fission induced by heavy ions), and quark-gluon plasma formation in high-energy heavy-ion collisions at CERN., In...

fermions are quarks rather than electrons. High energy proton-proton scattering cross-section indicates that quark interchange of either u or d quarks is the...

1958, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA). In the interim...

confirmation of the electric charge of quarks, in particular the charm quark and bottom quark, and the existence of three quark colors. A simplified calculation...

{2}{3}}N_{f}\right)+O{\mathord {\left(g^{5}\right)}},} where Nf is the number of quark flavours. In the case where Nf ≤ 16 (the Standard Model has Nf = 6), the...

Krivoruchenko, M. I. (1992). "Superconducting quark matter in SU(2) color group". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 344 (1): 99–115. Bibcode:1992ZPhyA.344...99K...

physicist known for her research on quarkonium, particles composed of two quarks instead of the more usual three. She is a professor of theoretical particle...

distances, the intrinsic structure of the photon is recognized as a flux of quark and gluon components, quasi-free according to asymptotic freedom in QCD...

a particularly energetic gluon, radiated by one of the quarks, which hadronizes much as a quark does. A particularly striking feature of these events,...

diffraction, scaling, high-transverse-momentum processes and the formation of quark–gluon plasma. In particular, he pioneered the studies of inclusive hadron-production...

"Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Annalen der Physik (in German). 309 (3): 553–563. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. Einstein, Albert...

pentaquark A pentaquark is a human-made subatomic particle, consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together; they are not known to occur naturally...

Rafelski (publisher and co-author): Quark-Gluon-Plasma. Theoretical Foundations. 2003 (reprints). The physics of the quark gluon plasma. Springer 1985. with...

elementary components, quarks. In the quark model for hadrons, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge ⁠++ 2 /3⁠ e) and two down quarks (charge ⁠−+ 1 /3⁠ e)...

Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. p. 33. Capri, Anton Z. (2007). From Quanta to Quarks: More Anecdotal History of Physics. World Scientific. p. 112. О простоте...