A number of different Markov models of DNA sequence evolution have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to...

substitution model, also called models of sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary...

interactions of DNA. Whereas molecular models of DNA molecules such as closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic or metal wires for skeletal models are...

of evolution – Organism as host plus microbe community Models of DNA evolution – Mathematical models of changing DNA Molecular evolution – Process of...

evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors...

one-parameter model, and the Kimura two-parameter model (see Models of DNA evolution). The fourth stage consists of various methods of tree building,...

multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa"...

Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid...

Molecular evolution describes how inherited DNA and/or RNA change over evolutionary time, and the consequences of this for proteins and other components of cells...

molecular evolution literature. For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage. Such models also include effects of selection...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪ-/ ; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form...

Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Models of DNA evolution Molecular evolution Neutral theory of molecular evolution Glottochronology Zuckerkandl E, Pauling...

clustering Models of DNA evolution Molecular clock Sokal, Michener (1958). "A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships". University of Kansas...

pyrimidine or vice versa (A ↔ C, A ↔ T, G ↔ C, and G ↔ T). Models of DNA evolution Substitution model Zvelebil, Marketa J. (2008). Understanding bioinformatics...

potassium channel (K2P), a family of cell membrane leak channels Kimura's two parameter model (K2P model), a model of DNA evolution Centretown (postal code K2P)...

from a specific model set. The asterisk after the JC69, K80, and K81 models is used to emphasize the non-homogeneous nature of the models that can be examined...

chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus (e.g., double stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, single strand DNA), viruses...

sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral...

kernel, the equivalent of a stochastic matrix over a continuous state space Matrix difference equation Models of DNA evolution Muirhead's inequality Probabilistic...

examples include: Phylogenetics and bioinformatics, where most models of DNA evolution use continuous-time Markov chains to describe the nucleotide present...

selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? (more unsolved problems in biology) Evolution of sexual reproduction describes...

Intelligence Michael Kearns (computer scientist) MinHash Mixture model Mlpy Models of DNA evolution Moral graph Mountain car problem Movidius Multi-armed bandit...

timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history of life...

In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological...

Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus, and, in plants and algae, the DNA also...

precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex...

RNA and DNA studies. The gene-centred view of evolution rose to prominence in the 1960s, followed by the neutral theory of molecular evolution, sparking...

Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional...

(April 1979). "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (4): 1967–1971...

location is encoded as a substitution model. The same phylogenetic machinery that is used to infer models of DNA evolution can thus be used to infer geographic...