Penal labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may be light or hard...

governors having absolute authority. Historically, penal colonies have often been used for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's...

Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour, and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps....

Penal labour in the United Kingdom exists as part of a framework of rehabilitation. Across all jurisdictions of the United Kingdom, imprisonment with "hard...

penal detention with compulsory work (penal labor). The system of labor colonies and camps originated in 1929, and after 1953, the corrective penal colonies...

Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place...

labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form...

In the United States, penal labor is a multi-billion-dollar industry. Annually, incarcerated workers provide at least $9 billion in services to the prison...

of these groups. Service in penal military units is generally considered a form of punishment, discipline, or penal labour, used in lieu of, or offered...

a term used to describe a penal establishment where forced labor was enforced. These establishments were typically in penal colonies or galleys where...

A penal treadmill (penal treadwheel or everlasting staircase) was a treadwheel or treadmill with steps set into two cast iron wheels. These drove a shaft...

Child labour is the exploitation of children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically...

labour that is intermittent in nature, lasting for limited periods of time, typically only a certain number of days' work each year. Statute labour is...

Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in Canada, campaigned on introducing penal labour in the province, referred to by many as chain gangs. He lost seats to...

A prison farm (also known as a penal farm) is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts are forced to work — legally or illegally — on a...

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The penal colony of New Caledonia was a penitentiary establishment which was in operation from 1864 to 1924. Many French prisoners from mainland France...

Ross Island Penal Colony was a convict settlement that was established in 1858 in the remote Andaman Islands by the British colonial government in India...

The crank machine was a penal labour device used in England in the 19th century. It consisted of a hand-turned crank which forced four large cups or ladles...

reported to have been closed in 2012. The official name was Kwalliso (penal labour colony) No. 22. The camp was a maximum security area, completely isolated...

rates than would be acceptable in developed countries.[citation needed] Penal labor facilities (employing prisoners) may be grouped under the sweatshop...

Wales instead, where more whippings often awaited them. (See Australian penal colonies section.) Oman later wrote: If anything was calculated to brutalize...

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will". In rare cases, slaves who were able to earn enough money in their labour were able to buy their own freedom and were known as choris oikointes. Two...

indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor. Somewhat later, the Edo period penal laws prescribed "non-free labor" for the immediate...

starve the Slavic and Jewish populations Jägerstab Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire) Penal labour Utilitarian genocide WAGNER, JENS-CHRISTIAN (2009)...

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Germany and German-occupied Europe Prisons in North Korea Kwalliso Penal system in China Labour camps in Tibet Laogai List of prisons in the Tibet Autonomous...

system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union). Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies...