was absolved from his/her obligations (this absolution was known as a Freisprechung). The guilds, however, would not allow a young craftsman without experience...

from the influential University of Paris. Models may have included the Freisprechung ritual in artisan guilds, where apprentices were admitted to the status...

bad fate in those days. The apprenticeship ended with the so-called Freisprechung (exculpation). The master announced in front of the trade heading that...