An obstruent (/ˈɒbstruːənt/ OB-stroo-ənt) is a speech sound such as [k], [d͡ʒ], or [f] that is formed by obstructing airflow. Obstruents contrast with...

/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring...

may be added to the approximant. Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However, there are a number of exceptions,...

letters for many voiceless and modally voiced pairs of consonants (the obstruents), such as [p b], [t d], [k ɡ], [q ɢ], [f v], and [s z]. Also, there are...

occur as a coda. ** Conventionally transcribed /r/ In the table, when obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives) appear in pairs, such as /p b/, /tʃ...

dakuten (voicing mark). The voiced obstruent consonants of modern Japanese go back to prenasalized voiced obstruents of Old Japanese. Rendaku may have...

'small'. The obstruent slot of an onset or coda may consist of multiple obstruents itself. Here, too, only one member of each subgroup of obstruents may appear...

consonants (and some clusters, e.g. in Icelandic, most clusters of obstruent to obstruent + [r], [j] or [v], such as [pr], [tj], [kv] etc.); short vowels...

is rarely seen if it would leave a final voiced obstruent. A very few words with final voiced obstruents do occur, such as sed ('but') and apud ('next to')...

palatals and velars, correspondingly) as well as a general absence of labial obstruents (except where /b/ has arisen from *w). In the historical phonology there...

"mirage"; however, in a word-final position or when followed by a voiceless obstruent, it is devoiced to the voiceless retroflex fricative ([ʂ]). Its pronunciation...

phonemic analysis treats all geminate obstruents as sequences starting with the same consonant: a "mora obstruent" /Q/. In this analysis, [ak̚ka], [issai]...

German. The lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, d͡ʒ, v, ð, ʝ, z, ʒ/ are fully voiced [b̬, d̬, ɡ̬, d̬͡ʒ̬, v̬, ð̬, ʝ̬, z̬, ʒ̬] after voiceless obstruents so abdanken 'to...

grammatical consequences – as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and (similar) word order. Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic;...

(depending on the dialect) voiceless fricatives; (4) a set of voiced obstruents—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between approximant and...

world. Final obstruent devoicing is the full devoicing of final obstruents that occurs for some AAVE speakers in Detroit where obstruents are devoiced...

are considered to be the more "basic" or unmarked members of the Korean obstruent series. The "plain" segments are also distinguished from the tense and...

allowed continuant + obstruent clusters in medial and final position only: Fricative + obstruent: ft, ht, fs, hs, zd Nasal + obstruent: mp, mf, ms, mb, nt...

Wiley-Blackwell 2020. ISBN 978-1119700609 The Typology and Modelling of Obstruent Lenition and Fortition Processes. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2003. ISBN...

(全清, voiceless unaspirated obstruent), "partly clear" (次清, voiceless aspirated obstruent), "fully muddy" (全濁, voiced obstruent) and "partly muddy" (次濁,...

a (PIE) stop (p, t, k). CT− After a (PIE) obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s). C(T) Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s). CH Before an original laryngeal...

devoiced [m̥, n̥, ŋ̊, ɲ̊, l̥, ɾ̥, w̥] after a voiceless obstruent and optionally after a voiced obstruent which was devoiced. For example, wiatr ('wind') is...

closure of a voiceless obstruent, basically equivalent to an [h]-like sound preceding the obstruent. In other words, when an obstruent is preaspirated, the...

represents: A voiced alveolar sibilant /z/ before vowels (except after obstruents), as in 'sich'. A voiceless alveolar sibilant /s/ before consonants or...

in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced. Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels...

southern Catalonia. It has merged with /b/ elsewhere. Voiced obstruents undergo final-obstruent devoicing: /b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k]. Voiced stops become...

tone). Light syllables (syllables with short vowels and optionally also obstruent codas) do not have the two-way contrast of heavy syllables. The first...

consonant is an obstruent consonant which originally contrasted, and often still contrasts, with an analogous voiced or voiceless obstruent by means of a...

of words or after nasal vowels. At the end of a phrase, due to final-obstruent devoicing, they may even be devoiced to [ɸ], [θ], and [x] (for example...

required] West Frisian has final obstruent devoicing and so voiced obstruents are merged with the voiceless obstruents at the end of words. Thus, word-final...