In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including...

A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic...

pressure and energy density of a photon gas at thermal equilibrium are entirely determined by the temperature. If the photon gas is not Planckian, the second...

Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive particles by Albert Einstein, who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate...

massive Bose gas as well as black body radiation (photon gas) which may be treated as a massless Bose gas, in which thermalization is usually assumed to...

matter out of a photon gas, this gas must not only have a very high photon density, but also be very hot – the energy (temperature) of photons must obviously...

thermal de Broglie wavelength of the gas and g is the degeneracy of states. An ideal gas of bosons (e.g. a photon gas) will be governed by Bose–Einstein...

formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance...

2 {\displaystyle |p|\ll \rho c^{2}} , while a gas of ultrarelativistic particles (such as a photon gas) has positive pressure p = ρ c 2 / 3 {\displaystyle...

photons can be made, for example, in dye microcavites with wavelength-scale mirror separation, forming a two-dimensional harmonically confined photon...

the walls of the textbook example for a photon gas of blackbody radiation - it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential here is never different...

When p = ρ m c 2 / 3 {\displaystyle p=\rho _{m}c^{2}/3} , it describes a photon gas (radiation). In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy...

high photon energy is able to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do...

behavior of thermal phonons is similar to the photon gas produced by an electromagnetic cavity, wherein photons may be emitted or absorbed by the cavity walls...

Solar sails (also known as lightsails, light sails, and photon sails) are a method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight...

Prevost in 1791. Prevost considered that what is nowadays called the photon gas or electromagnetic radiation was a fluid that he called "free heat". Prevost...

A Lyman-Werner photon is an ultraviolet photon with a photon energy in the range of 11.2 to 13.6 eV, corresponding to the energy range in which the Lyman...

electrons can recombine to form hydrogen atoms, emitting photons which take energy out of the gas, leading to runaway cooling. Left to itself this would...

wavelengths less than 10 picometers (1×10−11 m), gamma ray photons have the highest photon energy of any form of electromagnetic radiation. Paul Villard...

radiation with a certain amount of energy at thermodynamic equilibrium, this "photon gas" will have a Planck distribution of energies. One may suppose a second...

\left({\frac {2+3\delta }{2}}\right)} where γ is the thermodynamic exponent of a photon gas, E2 is the prompt energy density of the fuel, α is Vn (neutron velocity)...

the energy of the ith state, μ is the chemical potential (zero for a photon gas), kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The...

single-photon source (also known as a single photon emitter) is a light source that emits light as single particles or photons. Single-photon sources...

were later popularised as photons by Gilbert N. Lewis since he coined the term 'photon' in his letter "The Conservation of Photons" to Nature published in...

with photons. Gas lasers employ the interaction kinetics between fluid particles and photons, and laser cooling has been also considered in CO2 gas laser...

accurately describes the full spectrum, derived by treating the radiation as a photon gas and accordingly applying Bose–Einstein in place of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics...

radiation as a photon gas confined in a vacuum space. Most of the calculation steps are identical, as both are examples of a massless Bose gas with a linear...

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue...

Peter Debye followed in 1912 with a new model based on Max Planck's photon gas, where the vibrations are not to individual oscillators but as vibrational...

scattering of a high-frequency photon through an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon interacts with a loosely...