In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including...

A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic...

distribution for a gas of material particles at thermal equilibrium, so is Planck's distribution for a gas of photons. By contrast to a material gas where the...

Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas and extended to massive particles by Albert Einstein, who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate...

thermal de Broglie wavelength of the gas and g is the degeneracy of states. An ideal gas of bosons (e.g. a photon gas) will be governed by Bose–Einstein...

massive Bose gas as well as black body radiation (photon gas) which may be treated as a massless Bose gas, in which thermalization is usually assumed to...

the walls of the textbook example for a photon gas of blackbody radiation - it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential here is never different...

2 {\displaystyle |p|\ll \rho c^{2}} , while a gas of ultrarelativistic particles (such as a photon gas) has positive pressure p = ρ c 2 / 3 {\displaystyle...

matter out of a photon gas, this gas must not only have a very high photon density, but also be very hot – the energy (temperature) of photons must obviously...

with photons. Gas lasers employ the interaction kinetics between fluid particles and photons, and laser cooling has been also considered in CO2 gas laser...

formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance...

single-photon source (also known as a single photon emitter) is a light source that emits light as single particles or photons. Single-photon sources...

frequency of the photon, and h is the Planck constant. Thus, higher frequency photons have more energy. For example, a 1020 Hz gamma ray photon has 1019 times...

behavior of thermal phonons is similar to the photon gas produced by an electromagnetic cavity, wherein photons may be emitted or absorbed by the cavity walls...

A Lyman-Werner photon is an ultraviolet photon with a photon energy in the range of 11.2 to 13.6 eV, corresponding to the energy range in which the Lyman...

since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By...

diffusion Photon entanglement Photon epoch Photon gas Photon induced electric field poling Photon noise Photon polarization Photon sphere Photonic-crystal fiber...

electrons can recombine to form hydrogen atoms, emitting photons which take energy out of the gas, leading to runaway cooling. Left to itself this would...

momentum gained from the spontaneous emission of a photon. The Doppler limit has been verified with a gas of metastable helium. Temperatures well below the...

high frequency photons scattering following an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon hits electrons...

\left({\frac {2+3\delta }{2}}\right)} where γ is the thermodynamic exponent of a photon gas, E2 is the prompt energy density of the fuel, α is Vn (neutron velocity)...

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue...

prevent the penetration of far-UV photons from distant, massive stars. A typical and well-studied example is the gas at the boundary of a giant molecular...

Prevost in 1791. Prevost considered that what is nowadays called the photon gas or electromagnetic radiation was a fluid that he called "free heat". Prevost...

the energy of the i-th state, μ is the chemical potential (zero for a photon gas), kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The...

Peter Debye followed in 1912 with a new model based on Max Planck's photon gas, where the vibrations are not to individual oscillators but as vibrational...

wavefront sensor Single-photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector Transition-edge sensor Visible Light Photon Counter Wavefront...

accurately describes the full spectrum, derived by treating the radiation as a photon gas and accordingly applying Bose–Einstein in place of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics...

wavelengths less than 10 picometers (1×10−11 m), gamma ray photons have the highest photon energy of any form of electromagnetic radiation. Paul Villard...

radiation with a certain amount of energy at thermodynamic equilibrium, this "photon gas" will have a Planck distribution of energies. One may suppose a second...