In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule...

benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. This equation...

{\displaystyle {K}_{0}} = Reference constant σ {\displaystyle \sigma } = Substituent constant ρ {\displaystyle \rho } = Reaction rate constant EWGs enhance...

non-hydrogen substituent on a cyclohexane occupies the axial position. This axial substituent is in the eclipsed position with the axial substituents on the...

heteroatoms and substituents on pi stacking interactions is difficult to model and a matter of debate. An early model for the role of substituents in pi stacking...

stereoelectronic effect that describes the tendency of heteroatomic substituents adjacent to a heteroatom within a cyclohexane ring to prefer the axial...

In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and...

In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, existing substituent groups on the aromatic ring influence the overall reaction rate or have a directing...

position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon. In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions...

Apicophilicity is the phenomenon in which electronegative substituents of trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate compounds prefer to occupy apical (axial)...

chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound. It is defined as the polarity...

steric effects, and Es is the steric substituent constant. Polar substituent constants describe the way a substituent will influence a reaction through polar...

have from one to six substituents attached to the central benzene core. Examples of benzene compounds with just one substituent are phenol, which carries...

organic and organometallic chemistry, an organyl group is an organic substituent with one (sometimes more) free valence(-s) at a carbon atom. The term...

relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. The rule was stated by Henry A. Bent as follows: Atomic s character...

to the anomeric carbon (C1) is in the opposite plane from the CH 2OH substituent in the same ring (C6 of the first glucose). If the glycosidic bond to...

In organic chemistry, a glycosyl group is a univalent free radical or substituent structure obtained by removing the hydroxyl (−OH) group from the hemiacetal...

occur naturally and are important in pharmaceutical design. When the substituents are achiral, these conformers are enantiomers (atropoenantiomers), showing...

possible positional isomers of two substituents on a benzene ring. These are usually two independent single substituents, but in case of fused ring systems...

effects. In organic chemistry, the Hammett plot provides a means to assess substituent effects on a reaction equilibrium or rate using the Hammett equation...

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same...

a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are...

2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2...

alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O)2(OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric...

organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene (R2C=CR2) or alkyne (RC≡CR). The...

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula −C4H9, derived from either of the two isomers...

propyl group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula −CH2CH2CH3 for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen...

by a synergistic effect of an electron-withdrawing substituent and an electron-donating substituent. The name originates as the electron-withdrawing group...

ring by the substituent is not distributed evenly over the entire ring but is concentrated on atoms 2, 4 and 6, so activating substituents are also ortho/para...

organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or "syn"...