Wake turbulence categories and wake turbulence groups are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization for the purpose of separating aircraft...

Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. It includes several components, the most...

had a landing speed of about 346 km/h (187 kn). Aircraft category Wake turbulence category "ICAO Doc 8168: Procedures for Air Navigation Services: Aircraft...

according to the wake turbulence they produce. Because wake turbulence is generally related to the weight of an aircraft, these categories are based on one...

Abbreviation Term Notes H Heavy Wake turbulence category H High HAA Height above airport HAT Height Above Touchdown HAZMAT Hazardous Material HBCS High...

accommodate the type. As of 2023, the A380 is the only aircraft in wake turbulence category Super (J). In 2005, the ICAO recommended that provisional separation...

a characterization of objects with substantial weight Heavy, a wake turbulence category used by pilots and air traffic controllers to refer to aircraft...

takeoff weight Maximum zero-fuel weight Operating empty weight Wake turbulence category "JAR-OPS 1.607 (d)" (PDF). Retrieved 28 October 2024. Torenbeek...

simulations are often undertaken to model wake flows, although such modeling has uncertainties associated with turbulence modeling (for example RANS versus LES...

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar...

disaster to the first officer's overuse of rudder controls in response to wake turbulence from a preceding Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400 that took off minutes...

work in aerodynamics has focused on issues related to compressible flow, turbulence, and boundary layers and has become increasingly computational in nature...

possible, it does not come without risks. Sending aircraft into the wake turbulence of another aircraft at such close intervals could cause unpredictable...

Kármán vortex street Whirlpool Whirlwind River eddies in whitewater Wake turbulence Computational fluid dynamics Laminar flow Hemodynamics Modons, or dipole...

flow, while at high Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be turbulent. The turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may...

Air traffic control operations then can implement customized wake turbulence categories that are optimized to maximize the benefit for an airport fleet...

k-epsilon, SST, k-omega and Reynolds stress, and large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models, by numerically solving some dynamic equations such as the Ginzburg–Landau...

used full rudder deflections while following in the wake of a very large jet. Clear air turbulence caused the failure of the complete fin and rudder assembly...

The 2015-2016 Chinese stock market turbulence began with the popping of a stock market bubble on 12 June 2015 and ended in early February 2016. A third...

structures are studied only within the confined forms of simple wall turbulence, which approximates the coherence to be steady, fully developed, incompressible...

trailing edge of the wing. Brownout (aeronautics) Jet blast Slipstream Wake turbulence Wingtip vortices Wikimedia Commons has media related to Downwash (fluid...

delivery of accurate and safe separation at the runway threshold. Wake Turbulence "'Time based separation' at Heathrow a world first". NATS. 28 February...

1002/2015RG000505. S2CID 132158526. D'Asaro, Eric A. & Black, Peter G. (2006). "J8.4 Turbulence in the Ocean Boundary Layer Below Hurricane Dennis". University of Washington...

ball, turbulence is produced on both sides of the ball and the net effect is a later separation of the boundary layer on both sides and smaller wake in the...

vertically oriented rotating column of air) forms due to instabilities and turbulence created by heating and flow (current) gradients. Whirlwinds can vary in...

shapes of flow patterns, the ease of heat transfer, and the onset of turbulence. This comprises the central scientific justification for the use of models...

Billboard 200 chart. The albums Awake (1994) and Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence (2002) also entered the charts at No. 32 and No. 46 respectively, and...

non-centreline thrust aircraft), or from less likely sources such as severe turbulence. The net effect is that one wing is stalled before the other and the aircraft...

crash as wake turbulence, poor snow plowing on the runway and errors by air traffic controllers. However, the NTSB investigated the wake-turbulence theory...

in stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dust...