In physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons (NGBs) are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous...

gauge bosons had non-zero (rest) mass. Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as Goldstone bosons, but...

physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary...

massive vector field. Hence, Goldstone's original scalar doublet, the massive spin-zero particle, was proposed as the Higgs boson, and is a key building block...

freedom becomes a new scalar particle: the Higgs boson. The components that do not mix with Goldstone bosons form a massless photon. The gauge group of the...

theory breaks the symmetry, implying the existence of a massless Nambu–Goldstone boson, the mode running around the circle at the minimum of this potential...

Faddeev and Victor Popov. Goldstone bosons are sometimes referred to as ghosts, mainly when speaking about the vanishing bosons of the spontaneous symmetry...

general and of the W and Z bosons in particular. This Higgs mechanism predicted the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson, the detection of which...

in 1978 independently by Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg as the Goldstone boson of Peccei–Quinn theory, which had been proposed in 1977 to solve the...

majorons (named after Ettore Majorana) are a hypothetical type of Goldstone boson that are conjectured to mediate the neutrino mass violation of lepton...

resulting Goldstone boson is "eaten" by the corresponding gauge boson by becoming an additional degree of freedom for the gauge boson. The Goldstone boson equivalence...

are classified in the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) and bosons (force-carrying particles). There are three generations of fermions, although...

of the Goldstone boson's decay constant, and the gauge boson acquires mass M ≈ g F . In 1973, Weinstein showed that composite Goldstone bosons whose constituent...

discussed possible roles for Nambu-Goldstone bosons in cosmology and suggested that a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson might provide a "natural inflaton,"...

is an important exemption from Goldstone's theorem, where a Nambu-Goldstone boson can gain mass, becoming a Higgs boson in the process. Further, in this...

suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every...

\mathbf {r} _{j},\cdots ,\mathbf {r} _{i},\cdots )} if the particles are bosons, Ψ F ( ⋯ , r i , ⋯ , r j , ⋯ ) = − Ψ F ( ⋯ , r j , ⋯ , r i , ⋯ ) {\displaystyle...

unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons. Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory...

quantum mechanically, successfully avoiding theorems initiated by J. Goldstone while indicating that the theory would be renormalizable. Similar ideas...

the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent;...

Goldbach's conjecture – Christian Goldbach Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Nambu–Goldstone boson) – see Nambu–Goldstone boson, below Gomberg–Bachmann reaction – Moses...

Nambu–Goto, as in Nambu–Goto action. 2.  Short for Nambu–Goldstone, as in Nambu–Goldstone boson. NLL Next to leading logarithmic (term). NLO Next to leading...

the Goldstone theorem. The massless bosons arising in field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are sometimes referred to as Nambu–Goldstone bosons...

Documentary History pp. 234–98 Nancy Goldstone, Joanna, The Notorious Queen of Naples, Jerusalem and Sicily, p.41 Nancy Goldstone, Joanna, The Notorious Queen...

a theory is quantized, the quanta of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, then the gauge theory is referred...

defined by quantum chromodynamics, pions are loosely portrayed as Goldstone bosons of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry. That explains why the masses...

pioneers of supersymmetry, the hypothetical symmetry that links fermions and bosons. He showed that it has remarkable convergence properties and, in collaboration...

Standard Model and describes there the three massive vector bosons, i.e. the Z and W bosons. This article uses the (+−−−) metric signature and tensor index...

Frampton Fritzsch Fröhlich Fredenhagen Furry Glashow Gell-Mann Glimm Goldstone Gribov Gross Gupta Guralnik Haag Hagen Han Heisenberg Hepp Higgs 't Hooft...

In particular, at low energies, α ≈ 1/137, whereas at the scale of the Z boson, about 90 GeV, one measures α ≈ 1/127. Moreover, the perturbative beta function...