Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost)...

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist...

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate. Climate change...

Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification,...

wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere...

leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate system. If tipping points are crossed, they are likely to have severe impacts...

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 as an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference, to ensure that the observations...

Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities. The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from...

Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers...

treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases...

The Trewartha climate classification (TCC), or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC), is a climate classification system first published by...

climate system's internal variability.: 2222  External forcing refers to "a forcing agent outside the climate system causing a change in the climate system": 2229 ...

Under the Köppen climate system, the first letter indicates the climate group (in this case temperate climates). Temperate climates or "C" zones average...

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research...

Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an...

The Climate Forecast System or coupled forecast system (CFS) is a medium to long range numerical weather prediction and a climate model run by the National...

An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance. The...

(IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from studying the dynamics of the weather and climate system to predictions of future climate. The...

increasing temperatures have secondary effects on the climate system. These secondary effects are called climate feedbacks. Self-reinforcing feedbacks include...

temperate climates in the Köppen climate classification system where they are identified by their first letter, a capital D. In the Trewartha climate classification...

Climate justice is a type of environmental justice that focuses on the unequal impacts of climate change on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations...

system that can either amplify (a positive feedback) or diminish (a negative feedback) the effects of a change in climate forcing. The climate system...

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations. Its job is to advance scientific knowledge about climate change caused...

that advances basic understanding of the dynamics and physics of the climate system on large spatial scales, including variability of the atmosphere, oceans...

unintended disruptions of natural systems, resulting in a dilemma that such disruptions might be more damaging than the climate damage that they offset. However...

shifts in weather patterns. Climate change may also refer to: Climate variability and change, changes in Earth's climate system resulting in new weather...

ecology, and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science. The Science Education Resource...

climate risk although there are distinct differences: The climate system is no longer staying within a stationary range of extremes. Hence, climate change...

energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence the climate system. The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water because it causes...

The tundra climate is a polar climate sub-type located in high latitudes and high mountains. It is classified as ET according to Köppen climate classification...