three ionization energies are defined as follows: 1st ionization energy is the energy that enables the reaction X ⟶ X+ + e− 2nd ionization energy is the...

a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from...

ionization rate is possible. Tunnel ionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have enough energy to...

column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron...

the nucleus. It is also referred to as ionization potential. The first ionization energy is the amount of energy that is required to remove the first electron...

therefore the bulk of the ionization effects are due to secondary ionization. Even though photons are electrically neutral, they can ionize atoms indirectly through...

process are ionized. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen...

electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron...

enough heat to raise temperatures to ionization energies. These reactions occur at far higher energies than with ionization radiation, which requires only single...

electron) requires a fixed amount of energy (for example, 33.97 eV in dry air: 305 ), the number of ionizations per path length is proportional to the...

Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons...

(2006–) "Ionization energy". doi:10.1351/goldbook.I03199 "Binding Energy". Nuclear Power. Retrieved 16 May 2015. Bodansky, David (2005). Nuclear Energy: Principles...

In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure...

Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M +...

first two ionization energies for europium, 1632 kJ·mol−1 can be compared with that of barium 1468.1 kJ·mol−1 and europium's third ionization energy is the...

from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then...

thermal-ionization if it deposits enough heat to raise temperatures to ionization energies. These reactions occur at far higher energies than with ionizing radiation...

electronegativity of an atom is strongly correlated with the first ionization energy. The electronegativity is slightly negatively correlated (for smaller...

but this generally requires low ionization energies. Instead, because of its small size and high ionization energies, the basic structural unit of boron...

element in group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar first ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. It...

first ionization energy is −24.587387936(25) eV. This value was measured experimentally. The theoretic value of Helium atom's second ionization energy is...

which can be accelerated to trigger impact ionization. Such so-called seed electrons can be created by ionization by natural radioactivity or cosmic rays...

orbital approximation). Ionization energies calculated this way are in qualitative agreement with experiment – the first ionization energy of small molecules...

meaningful form for the ionization rate above can be obtained by noting that the Bohr radius and hydrogen atom ionization energy are given by a 0 = 4 π...

Hence, its first ionization energy would be smaller than thorium's (Th: 6.3 eV; element 122: 5.6 eV) because of the greater ease of ionizing unbibium's 8p1/2...

are of lower energy than electrons in p orbitals and therefore less likely to be involved in bonding. If the total ionization energies (IE) (see below)...

electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula as they converge on an ionic state with an ionization energy. Although the Rydberg formula...

predicted to have a lower ionization energy of 4.45 eV, so that the alkali metal in period 8 would not have the lowest ionization energy in the period, as is...

fields Ionization energy – energy that binds an electron to its atom or molecule Kinetic energy – (≥0), energy of the motion of a body Magnetic energy – energy...

Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is...