was organized into a corporation during the reign of Louis IX and into a jurande body in 1323. In 1560, Francis II confirmed the privileges of the gainiers’...

the edict suppressing the corvées, and secondly, that suppressing the jurandes and maîtrises, by which the craft guilds maintained their privileges. In...

razor makers. The Thiers family owned their own forge. The "Chart of the Jurande" or the Professional Guild Charter of the time lists at least three "Thiers"...