These briny channels and the sea ice itself have its ecology, referred to as "sympagic ecology". Residents of temperate or tropical climates often assume...

Arctic. Estimates range from 700,000 to 4 million years. The specialized, sympagic (i.e. ice-associated) community within the sea ice is found in the tiny...

water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids, which in turn...

abundant algae, bacteria and protozoa. Algae in particular dominate the sympagic environment, with estimates of more than 1000 unicellular eukaryotes found...

strategies is to dive to around 50 m (160 ft), where it can easily spot sympagic fish like the bald notothen (Pagothenia borchgrevinki) swimming against...

surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 243 (1): 55–80. doi:10...

surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 243 (1): 55–80. doi:10...

Marchandon G, et al. (February 2019). "Bacterial community structure in a sympagic habitat expanding with global warming: brackish ice brine at 85-90 °N"...

water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids. In turn, they...

TEP concentrations were found under arctic sea ice, probably released by sympagic algae. TEP is efficiently recycled in the ocean, as heterotrophic grazers...