Massless free scalar bosons are a family of two-dimensional conformal field theories, whose symmetry is described by an abelian affine Lie algebra. Since...

oscillation are massless. Therefore the outcome is that new massless particles should exist, known as Goldstone bosons. Because zero mass gauge bosons always mediate...

correspondence Massless free scalar bosons in two dimensions Double field theory Sathiapalan 1987. Seiberg 2006. Sathiapalan 1987. Other dualities that arise in string...

one. The two components of the scalar field are reconfigured as a massive mode and a massless Goldstone boson. One can express the complex scalar field theory...

particles known as bosons. It later developed into superstring theory, which posits a connection called supersymmetry between bosons and the class of particles...

now implemented in the (nonlinear) Nambu–Goldstone mode. Normally, in the absence of the Higgs mechanism, massless Goldstone bosons arise. The symmetry...

type of "charge" interact via the exchange of massless gauge bosons. Unlike photons, these gauge bosons themselves carry charge.: 32  Sheldon Glashow...

Yukawa interaction is also used in the Standard Model to describe the coupling between the Higgs field and massless quark and lepton fields (i.e., the...

particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bosons are known to have 48 and 13...

corresponding two-dimensional conformal field theory describes a massless free scalar boson. Brownian sheet Ding, J.; Lee, J. R.; Peres, Y. (2012), "Cover...

in magnetic fields, but this was phenomenological. Weyl found a relativistic equation in terms of the Pauli matrices; the Weyl equation, for massless...

theory. The massless gauge bosons of the electroweak SU(2) × U(1) mix after spontaneous symmetry breaking to produce the three massive bosons of the weak...

fermions and bosons. Anyons have statistical properties intermediate between fermions and bosons. In general, the operation of exchanging two identical particles...

includes 4 kinds of gauge bosons of spin 1, with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers...

Yaun; D. Dicus (1999). "Collider tests of compact space dimensions using weak gauge bosons". Physical Review Letters. 83 (11): 2112–2115. arXiv:hep-ph/9904220...

is a theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer...

which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle...

the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent...

corresponding Goldstone bosons, being massless, would have an infrared divergent correlation function. The absence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in d ≤ 2 dimensional...

particle to travel between two spacetime events. In quantum field theory, the theory of a free (or non-interacting) scalar field is a useful and simple...

A scalar boson produces a universally attractive potential, whereas a vector attracts particles to antiparticles but repels like pairs. For two particles...

four-fermion interactions. A classical free scalar field φ {\displaystyle \varphi } satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation. If a scalar field is denoted φ {\displaystyle...

higher-spin currents in the free scalar CFT. Some quartic vertices have been reconstructed too. In three dimensions neither gravity nor massless higher-spin fields...

elementary Higgs bosons to explain observed phenomena, technicolor models were introduced to dynamically generate masses for the W and Z bosons through new...

In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also...

states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, so every Standard Model particle has a (yet undiscovered)...

interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike...

k a {\displaystyle \omega (k)\propto ka} . This amounts to classical free scalar field theory, an assembly of independent oscillators. A one-dimensional...

of fermionic multiplet decays into a massless one and a gauged boson also massless in the NTS. Then the massless fermion carries away the charge since...

W− bosons, and neutral current, involving electrically neutral Z0 bosons. The most familiar effect of weak interaction is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic...