to the Bulgars and Khazars for valuable silver dirhams. In fact, the Staraia Ladoga settlements were built initially as a manufacturing center and to conduct...

southern shores of Lakes Ladoga and Onega." Sawyer 2001, p. 141 "Around 750, a small settlement was established at Staraia Ladoga... Traders and raiders...

as one of three main towns of the Novgorod Republic, alongside Pskov and Ladoga. After Pskov became independent, Russa became the second most important...

the city than the "Road of Life" (the truck route across the frozen Lake Ladoga), eliminating the possibility of the capture of the city and a German-Finnish...