Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a...

its surface (like contact forces, external pressure, or friction). Any strain (deformation) of a solid material generates an internal elastic stress, analogous...

tension is used for either surface stress or surface energy. Due to the cohesive forces, a molecule located away from the surface is pulled equally in every...

physical oceanography and fluid dynamics, the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as oceans, seas...

to the applied force vector, i.e., with surface normal vector perpendicular to the force. Wall shear stress expresses the retarding force (per unit area)...

stress patterns include: circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction. axial stress, a normal stress...

eigenvalues of the stress tensor, which are called the principal stresses. The Euler–Cauchy stress principle states that upon any surface (real or imaginary)...

compression are reflected on the free-surfaces of the plates and then interact to generate a region of high tensile stress inside one of the plates. Spalling...

yield surface is a five-dimensional surface in the six-dimensional space of stresses. The yield surface is usually convex and the state of stress of inside...

larger surface area for analyte to bind to, increasing sensitivity by raising the ratio of the analyte mass to the device mass. Surface stress on microcantilever...

from fabrication (e.g. cold working); the residual stresses can be relieved by annealing or other surface treatments. Unexpected and premature failure of...

mechanics is between stresses acting perpendicular to the contacting bodies' surfaces (known as normal stress) and frictional stresses acting tangentially...

mechanics, a stress concentration (also called a stress raiser or a stress riser or notch sensitivity) is a location in an object where the stress is significantly...

residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable...

compressive residual stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals and composites. It entails striking a surface with shot (round metallic...

normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to shatter...

gauge pressure on the inside surface, and zero on the outside surface. The circumferential stress and longitudinal stresses are usually much larger for...

under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid...

Stress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and...

three-dimensional principal stresses ( σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\sigma _{2},\sigma _{3}} ) with a yield surface or a yield criterion. A...

In engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually...

localized movement of material causes thermal stresses. Imagine heating a cylinder, first the surface rises in temperature and the center remains the...

normal vector of a surface element to the density and direction of the stress acting on that surface element. However, elastic stress is due to the amount...

Newton's law of viscosity, that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress. In particular, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids can change when subjected...

maximum normal stress, σ3 is the minimum normal stress, and σ0 is the stress under which the material fails in uniaxial loading. A yield surface may be constructed...

{3}{2}}s_{ij}s_{ij}} , where s {\displaystyle s} is called deviatoric stress. This equation defines the yield surface as a circular cylinder (See Figure) whose yield curve...

A cardiac stress test is a cardiological examination that evaluates the cardiovascular system's response to external stress within a controlled clinical...

A stress fracture is a fatigue-induced bone fracture caused by repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single severe impact, stress fractures...

no ductile drawing of the material from its adjacent failure surfaces. Environmental stress cracking may account for around 15-30% of all plastic component...

is a surface engineering process used to impart beneficial residual stresses in materials. The deep, high-magnitude compressive residual stresses induced...