Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú)...

(淵從祖右賢王宣謂其族人曰：「自漢亡以來，我單于徒有虛號，無復尺土；自餘王侯，降同編戶。今吾衆雖衰，猶不減二萬，柰何斂首就役，奄過百年!..」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85 (將發兵擊鮮卑、烏桓，劉宣等諫曰：「晉人奴隸御我，今其骨肉相殘，是天棄彼而使我復呼韓邪...

壺關城。十一年春正月，公征幹。幹聞之，乃留其別將守城，走入匈奴，求救於單于，單于不受。公圍壺關三月，拔之。幹遂走荊州，上洛都尉王琰捕斬之。秋八月，公東征海賊管承，至淳于，遣樂進、李典擊破之，承走入海島。割東海之襄賁、郯、戚以益瑯邪，省昌慮郡。" Chen and Pei 429, 1.27:...

establish a new kingdom in the far west near Lake Balkhash. In 53 BC Huhanye (呼韓邪) decided to enter into tributary relations with Han China. The original terms...