Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order...

relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt...

Consider a coin-flipping game with two players where each player has a 50% chance of winning with each flip of the coin. After each flip of the coin the loser...

opposite of the critical region specified by the test. For example, if flipping a coin, testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one-tailed test, and...

relativistic protocols for coin flipping and bit-commitment have been shown by Kent. Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum coin flipping is a protocol that...

independent. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is a repeated coin flipping, possibly with an unfair coin (but with consistent unfairness). Every variable Xi in...

to affect only one flip in a lifetime of flipping; also it is always possible for an unfair (or "biased") coin to happen to turn up exactly 10 heads in...

often made by referring to an ideal coin. John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the...

include: Flipping a coin. In this context, obverse ("heads") conventionally denotes success and reverse ("tails") denotes failure. A fair coin has the...

applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a...

playing a game of coin flipping. Suppose Xn is the gambler's fortune after n tosses of a fair coin, such that the gambler wins $1 if the coin toss outcome...

conceived the idea of Two-Face flipping a coin scarred on one side to determine which side of his personality emerges: evil if the coin flip results in the scarred...

media related to Obverses. Coin collecting Coin flipping Coin orientation Fair coin Medallic orientation List of people on coins Recto and verso of paper...

possibilities for flipping a coin. Flipping a head and flipping a tail are collectively exhaustive events, and there is a probability of one of flipping either a...

ancient times, including well-known examples like the rolling of dice, coin flipping, the shuffling of playing cards, the use of yarrow stalks (for divination)...

"flippism", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin. It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision"...

"conservative" bet-hedging, "diversified" bet-hedging, and "adaptive coin flipping." In conservative bet hedging, individuals lower their expected fitness...

paradox or St. Petersburg lottery is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless...

that solve problems through coin flipping, there exists an algorithm that is almost as fast that does not use coin flipping as long as presets are met...

suppose that the coin flipping example also states as part of the information that the coin has a side (S) (i.e., it is a real coin). Denote this new...

the film adaptation). Throughout the novel and the film, Chigurh flips a coin to decide the fate of some of his victims. The character is a recurrence...

measure (or coin-flipping measure). That is, for such an A {\displaystyle A} , the probability that the sequence of flips of a fair coin will wind up...

Hermes assigns Leela to guard it. Tempted to open the box, Leela flips a coin to decide whether to look inside; after getting a positive result, she falls...

of coins, dice, and cards with high accuracy: Persi Diaconis's work with coin-flipping machines is a practical example of this. A symmetric coin has...

1981 article, "Coin Flipping by Telephone: A Protocol for Solving Impossible Problems," which begins, "Alice and Bob want to flip a coin by telephone."...

insolvent St. Petersburg paradox – Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping Sunk cost fallacy – Cost that has already been incurred and cannot be...

in, a person participates in a simple game where they toss a fair coin. If the coin lands heads, the person gains 50% on their current wealth; if it lands...

Gilles (December 1984). Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems & Signal Processing...

often used as a fair choosing method between two people, similar to coin flipping, drawing straws, or throwing dice in order to settle a dispute or make...

coin to win a particular object. There are two types of coin flipping protocols weak coin flipping protocols: The two players A and B initially start with...