In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing...

between systems are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The model...

computer networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite, the networking architecture of the Internet. The link layer is the...

the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing...

neural network (FNN) is one of the two broad types of artificial neural network, characterized by direction of the flow of information between its layers. Its...

OSI layers. Telephone network modems IrDA physical layer USB physical layer EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485 Ethernet physical layer 10BASE-T...

and virtual private networking. As of 2012, the next-generation firewall provides a wider range of inspection at the application layer, extending deep packet...

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with...

application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. An...

The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers...

forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer (layer 3) by additionally incorporating...

In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet...

a computer networking device that switches on OSI layer 2 like an ordinary network switch and provides extra functions on higher OSI layers. The MLS was...

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It is sometimes...

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the session layer is layer 5. The session layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing...

overlay network is a computer network that is layered on top of another (logical as opposed to physical) network. The concept of overlay networking is distinct...

existing neural network architectures can be interpreted as GNNs operating on suitably defined graphs. A convolutional neural network layer, in the context...

communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept. The CYCLADES network, designed by Louis Pouzin in the early 1970s was the first...

layer (the output layer), possibly passing through multiple intermediate layers (hidden layers). A network is typically called a deep neural network if...

neural networks, are prevented by using regularized weights over fewer connections. For example, for each neuron in the fully-connected layer, 10,000...

seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, packet strictly refers to a protocol data unit at layer 3, the network layer. A data unit at layer 2, the...

In computer networking, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery...

In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network application layer and above, that provides data storage, manipulation...

In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communication protocol between two routers directly without any host...

[protocol stack is a] set of network protocol layers that work together. The OSI Reference Model that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack...

telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the...

It uses Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to tunnel layer 2 packets over layer 3 networks. Its principal backer is Microsoft. Virtual Extensible LAN...

Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) is a part of the H.264/AVC and HEVC video coding standards. The main goal of the NAL is the provision of a "network-friendly"...

control are invisible to the LLC and upper layers of the network stack. Thus any LLC sublayer (and higher layers) may be used with any MAC. In turn, the...

routable networking environment on top of a link layer ad hoc network. The earliest wireless data network was called PRNET, the packet radio network, and...