Chinese: 自强运动; traditional Chinese: 自強運動; pinyin: zìqiáng yùndòng) Duration 1861–1895 Also known as Western Affairs Movement (simplified Chinese: 洋务运动; traditional...

bronze statue of Yang was erected in his home village. Tao, Weibing (2014). 从洋务运动到改革开放: 武汉百年思潮研究 [From the Self-Strengthening Movement to Reform and Opening:...