These particles are accurately described by an SU(2) gauge theory, but the bosons in a gauge theory must be massless. As a case in point, the photon...

mass via the Higgs mechanism Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ   Photon – the force carrier of the...

quantum fields known as gauge invariance and symmetries. Forces in the Standard Model are transmitted by particles known as gauge bosons. "It is only slightly...

of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, then the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian gauge theory...

observable. Because this symmetry is gauged, the three would-be Goldstone bosons are absorbed by the three gauge bosons corresponding to the three broken...

In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom...

is a vector boson, which means it has a spin of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gauge bosons like the gluon...

A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows...

Model includes 4 kinds of gauge bosons of spin 1, with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers...

The hypothetical graviton has spin = 2; it is unknown whether it is a gauge boson as well. In the Standard Model, elementary particles are represented...

vacuum, a photon has two possible polarization states. The photon is the gauge boson for electromagnetism,: 29–30  and therefore all other quantum numbers...

the Standard Model. An E8 gauge group, for example, would have 8 neutral bosons, 120 charged bosons and 120 charged anti-bosons. To account for the 248 fermions...

generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, all bosons (one of the two classes of particles, the other...

fundamental interactions, using mediating gauge bosons. The species of gauge bosons are eight gluons, W− , W+ and Z bosons, and the photon. The Standard Model...

altogether relativistic quantum field theory (QFT). Force particles, called gauge bosons—force carriers or messenger particles of underlying fields—interact with...

describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent...

rise to the gauge bosons that mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin (W1, W2, and W3), and the B boson of weak hypercharge...

every point in spacetime. Gauge symmetry forbids mass generation for gauge fields, yet massive gauge fields (W and Z bosons) have been observed. Spontaneous...

of three massive gauge bosons ( W+ , W− , Z0 , the three carriers of the weak interaction), and the photon (γ, the massless gauge boson that carries the...

non-Abelian gauge theory, particles carrying a new type of "charge" interact via the exchange of massless gauge bosons. Unlike photons, these gauge bosons themselves...

in the theory facilitates a study of these objects in de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces. Boson stars composed of elementary particles with spin-1 have...

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting...

Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories...

breaking CP-violation Fermi ball Gauge gravitation theory Goldstone boson Grand unified theory Higgs mechanism Higgs boson Higgs field (classical) Irreversibility...

which do not. The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle...

(also called Faddeev–Popov gauge ghosts or Faddeev–Popov ghost fields) are extraneous fields which are introduced into gauge quantum field theories to...

Higgs, Peter W. (19 October 1964). "Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons". Physical Review Letters. 13 (16): 508–509. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..508H...

D'Souza, I.A.; Kalman, C.S. (1992). Preons: Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1019-9. Hofstadter...

ghost field, ghost particle, or gauge ghost is an unphysical state in a gauge theory. Ghosts are necessary to keep gauge invariance in theories where the...

suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every...