cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known...

In cryptography, ciphertext stealing (CTS) is a general method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are...

A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen...

Ciphertext indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability...

be random. The initialization vector is used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times...

Some famous ciphertexts (or cryptograms), in chronological order by date, are: Undeciphered writing systems (cleartext, natural-language writing of unknown...

chosen-ciphertext attack (abbreviated as CCA2) is an interactive form of chosen-ciphertext attack in which an attacker first sends a number of ciphertexts to...

the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption does not itself prevent interference but...

In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access...

usually contain more repeated ciphertext segments. The following ciphertext has two segments that are repeated: Ciphertext: VHVSSPQUCEMRVBVBBBVHVSURQGI...

corresponding bit or character from the pad using modular addition. The resulting ciphertext will be impossible to decrypt or break if the following four conditions...

having a decoding device. A message-to-be-transferred is enciphered to ciphertext at the encoding terminal by encoding the message as a number M in a predetermined...

first converting it into an unreadable form ("ciphertext") using an encryption algorithm. The ciphertext is sent through an insecure channel to the recipient...

"cipher" line. Plaintext: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG Ciphertext: QEB NRFZH YOLTK CLU GRJMP LSBO QEB IXWV ALD Deciphering is done in reverse...

method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single...

authenticity protection. Output: ciphertext and authentication tag (message authentication code or MAC). Decryption Input: ciphertext, key, authentication tag...

In cryptography, the term ciphertext expansion refers to the length increase of a message when it is encrypted. Many modern cryptosystems cause some degree...

cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to...

the plaintext using the key to produce ciphertext C, and computes an authentication tag T from the ciphertext and the associated data (which remains unencrypted)...

with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state...

characters or groups of characters) according to a regular system to produce a ciphertext which is a permutation of the plaintext. They differ from substitution...

QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN. Plaintext: attackatdawn Key: QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN Ciphertext: QNXEPVYTWTWP The ciphertext message would thus be "QNXEPVYTWTWP". To decrypt the message...

letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency...

letters as the ciphertext output. This is done by creating an "alphabet" of words (in practice multiple words can correspond to each ciphertext output character)...

print('Key:', key) cipherText = xor_strings(message.encode('utf8'), key) print('cipherText:', cipherText) print('decrypted:', xor_strings(cipherText, key).decode('utf8'))...

access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal secret keys and code books. The term "crib"...

into a ciphertext block of 128 bits in size. The key, which is given as one input to the cipher, defines the mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. If...

converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption). The sender...

model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The goal of the attack is to gain information...

read M2. Bob forwards the ciphertext to Carl. Carl uses his key to decrypt M2 and isn't able to read M1. Normally, ciphertexts decrypt to a single plaintext...