time and may have impacts on some decadal variabilities, such as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Volcanic aerosols from huge...

crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, and so most volcanic activity on Earth is submarine, forming new seafloor. Black...

to be agitated by everyday wave action Volcanic impacts on the oceans – Effects of volcanic eruptions on the marine ecosystems and climate Water column...

Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches)...

In the early Solar System, magma oceans were formed by the melting of planetesimals and planetary impacts. Small planetesimals are melted by the heat...

Volcanic eruptions can have various impacts on maritime transportation. When a volcano erupts, large amounts of noxious gases, steam, rock, and ash are...

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the...

Geologically, a volcanic island is an island of volcanic origin. The term high island can be used to distinguish such islands from low islands, which are...

planetary formation, Earth possibly had magma oceans. Subsequently, outgassing, volcanic activity and meteorite impacts, produced an early atmosphere of carbon...

"Geochemical evidence of oceanic iron fertilization by the Kasatochi volcanic eruption in 2008 and the potential impacts on Pacific sockeye salmon" (PDF)...

In a volcanic eruption, lava, volcanic bombs, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent and fissure. While many eruptions only pose dangers...

The borders of the oceans are the limits of Earth's oceanic waters. The definition and number of oceans can vary depending on the adopted criteria. The...

Cerro Hudson, or Monte Hudson) is the most active volcano in the southern part of the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes Mountains in Chile, having erupted...

from volcanic islands may be able to generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans, e.g. Cumbre Vieja on La Palma (Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard) in the Canary...

Meteorologica. The release of tephra into the troposphere impacts the environment physically and chemically. Physically, volcanic blocks damage local flora and human...

A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region. Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity, such as volcanic fields or volcanic systems...

volcanic landforms Volcanic island – Island of volcanic origin Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created...

research is focused on atmospheric physics, climate modeling, aerosols, radiative transfer, fluid dynamics, climate impacts of volcanic eruptions, and mineral...

hundreds of volcanic centres and extensive lava flows. Lava worlds orbiting extremely closely to the parent star may possibly have even more volcanic activity...

reef-building corals Ocean deoxygenation – Reduction of the oxygen content of the oceans Marine pollution – Pollution of oceans from substances discarded...

Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface...

temperature. This is because oceans lose more heat by evaporation and oceans can store a lot of heat. The thermal energy in the global climate system has...

by plate tectonics, and oceanic islands, which have never been part of a continent. Oceanic islands can be formed from volcanic activity, grow into atolls...

landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure...

tectonics or to meteorite impacts. Although most volcanic activity on Earth is associated with subduction zones or mid-oceanic ridges, there are significant...

asteroid. Impact craters provide evidence of past impacts on other planets in the Solar System, including possible interplanetary terrestrial impacts. Without...

impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal collapse, impact craters typically have raised rims and...

Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand to Fiji. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated...

to the massive volcanic activities during the Little Ice Age. Scientists suggested a hypothesis that volcanism was the major driving force of the global...

large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption. An eruption that ejects large volumes of magma...