harmony and sometimes used in conjunction with postpositions. Called zarf-fiil, bağ-fiil, ulaç or gerundium and defined as "a verb used as an adverb in a...

the following: verbal noun (isim-fiil); verbal adjective (sıfat-fiil) or participle (ortaç); verbal adverb (zarf-fiil; called a gerund by Lewis (1967)[citation...