cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance (or physical distance) are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between...

with time, as comoving distance accounts for the expansion of the universe. Comoving distance is obtained by integrating the proper distances of nearby fundamental...

disadvantage of wrongly implying that the expansion has a center and an edge. Comoving and proper distances Overbye, Dennis (20 February 2017). "Cosmos Controversy:...

tensor that is normalized to use a distance, or that uses geometrized units. Invariant interval Proper time Comoving distance Relativity of simultaneity Moses...

of velocity are also discussed in Comoving and proper distances § Uses of the proper distance). The current distance to this cosmological event horizon...

the universe for a given comoving time. D is the proper distance (which can change over time, unlike the comoving distance, which is constant) from the...

corresponds to a comoving volume of about 1.22×104 Gpc3 (4.22×105 Gly3 or 3.57×1080 m3). These are distances now (in cosmological time), not distances at the time...

quasar, and Lyman-alpha blob located near the border of the constellations Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices, with the projected comoving distance of approximately...

A proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which...

existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model. In terms of comoving distance, the particle horizon...

cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon (in Scott Dodelson's text), or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which light from particles...

proper distance provides a measurement of how far a galaxy is at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance...

largest comoving distance from which light emitted in the past could reach the observer at a given time. For events that occur beyond that distance, light...

transformation" for proper reference frames or proper coordinates (German: Eigensystem, Eigenkoordinaten) by using comoving Frenet–Serret tetrads, and applied this...

a comoving observer; though it "really" exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer...

frame of reference, as well as for the special case of proper acceleration measured by a comoving accelerometer. Another useful formalism is four-acceleration...

Coordinate Time (TCB) is based on a reference frame comoving with the barycenter of the Solar System, and has been defined for use in calculating motion of...

describe the more realistic scenario of constant proper acceleration, i.e. the acceleration indicated by a comoving accelerometer. This leads to hyperbolic motion...

frame can always be found that is momentarily comoving with the particle. This frame, the momentarily comoving reference frame (MCRF), enables application...

called the "comoving transverse distance" DM by the equation DL = (1 + z) DM, where z is the redshift, and the comoving transverse distance is itself equal...

time T = 0 at position X = 1/α (with α as the constant proper acceleration measured by a comoving accelerometer), then the hyperbolic coordinates are often...

object at redshift, z {\displaystyle z} , is expressed in terms of the comoving distance, r {\displaystyle r} as: d A = S k ( r ) 1 + z {\displaystyle d_{A}={\frac...

A and the encounter with Earth at D is on the muon's worldline, only a clock comoving with the muon and thus resting in S′ can indicate the proper time...

1934, and orbital elements were published. In 1911, Benjamin Boss published data indicating that the 61 Cygni system was a member of a comoving group...

the proper distance (which can change over time, unlike the comoving distance d C {\displaystyle d_{C}} which is constant and set to today's distance) between...

Accelerating frames require that one understand the concept of a momentarily comoving reference frame (MCRF), which is to say, a frame traveling at the same...

Centaurus–Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, a group of young, comoving stars close to the Sun. The star has been catalogued in as early as the...

Shaya, Ed J.; Olling, Rob P. (January 2011), "Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue"...

two relations indicate that in the comoving frame, all radial distances tend to infinity and tangential distances approaches zero like τ − τ 0 {\displaystyle...

density, pressure and cosmological constant all equal zero and the spatial curvature is negative.[citation needed] From these assumptions and the Friedmann...