inference, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal...

tower with its top in the sky. Yahweh, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters...

not take up their offers of employment. In 1997, he formed the company Confounding Factor along with co-developer Paul Douglas, who had worked with Gard...

can be done either by adding the confounding variable as a control in regression, or by matching on the confounding variable. PSM has been shown to increase...

that controls for every confounding factor, so also must the user of multiple regression be careful to control for all confounding factors by including them...

confounding occurs when RA0 ≠ RB0. (NB: Example assumes binary outcome and exposure variables.) Some epidemiologists prefer to think of confounding separately...

unduly given causal interpretations. The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed in the statistical...

additional variables that are thought to serve as confounders. By pairing students whose values on the confounding variables are similar, a greater fraction of...

being studied, but also any potential confounding variables, thus avoiding omitted variable bias. "Confounding variables" in this context means other...

minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). This increases the reliability of the results, often through...

from the presence of a confounding variable, thus requiring a re-working of the initial experimental hypothesis. Confounding variables are a threat to...

A nonstress test (NST) is a screening test used in pregnancy to assess fetal status by means of the fetal heart rate and its responsiveness. A cardiotocograph...

This chapter introduces the idea of confounding and describes how causal diagrams can be used to identify confounding variables and determine their effect...

The manticore or mantichore (Latin: mantichora; reconstructed Old Persian: *martyahvārah; Modern Persian: مردخوار mard-khar) is a Persian legendary creature...

Animism (from Latin: anima meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence....

tingling." Measuring the extent of the placebo effect is difficult due to confounding factors. For example, a patient may feel better after taking a placebo...

Anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures are tactical or strategic actions taken by an attacker to overwhelm, destroy, or evade anti-ballistic missile...

identify and measure the confounding variable(s). Such techniques can be used to model and partial out the effects of confounding variables techniques, thereby...

response to injury. Resins protect plants from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens, while the volatile...

In databases, change data capture (CDC) is a set of software design patterns used to determine and track the data that has changed (the "deltas") so that...

says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance". Most Christians (Catholic, Eastern...

Recognizing that some of the studies potentially included the presence of confounding factors, such as the possibility that women who regularly perform fellatio...

demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state. It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions, and prostrate all ranks, to one common level[...

different context, paired t-tests can be used to reduce the effects of confounding factors in an observational study. The independent samples t-test is...

Along with the advantages of dendroclimatology are some limitations: confounding factors, geographic coverage, annular resolution, and collection difficulties...

The Antonine Itinerary (Latin: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, "Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances...

confounding factors—any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is...

be included for other reasons, such as to account for their potential confounding effect. In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in...

effects. Design of experiments, using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables, and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow...

part owner of the club. In their first season at the J1 League in 2012, confounding the prediction of many critics about their immediate relegation to J2...