The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first...
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{\displaystyle d} is defined as the thickness of the Ekman layer. A number of important properties of the Ekman spiral will follow from this solution: When z...
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Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation...
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the wind is affected by surface drag and turns across the isobars (see Ekman layer for more detail). Typically, due to aerodynamic drag, there is a wind...
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inertia), an Ekman layer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously...
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oceanographer Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954). Through vertical eddy viscosity, winds act directly and frictionally on the Ekman layer, which typically is the...
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also describes the order of magnitude for the thickness of an Ekman layer, a boundary layer in which viscous diffusion is balanced by Coriolis effects,...
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Wind shear (section Planetary boundary layer)
verification] This layer where friction slows and changes the wind is known as the planetary boundary layer, sometimes the Ekman layer, and it is thickest...
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Vagn Walfrid Ekman (3 May 1874 – 9 March 1954) was a Swedish oceanographer. Born in Stockholm to Fredrik Laurentz Ekman, himself an oceanographer, he became...
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clergyman Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954), Swedish oceanographer Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman current meter Ekman transport Ekman number Ekman water bottle Eckman...
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cylinder. The Stewartson layer, typically, also connects different Ekman boundary layers in the axial direction. The layer was first identified by Ian...
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leads to Ekman divergence (convergence), and water must rise from beneath to replace the old Ekman layer water. The expression for this Ekman pumping velocity...
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Ocean dynamics (section Mixed layer dynamics)
The wind-driven horizontal transport in the mixed layer is approximately described by Ekman Layer dynamics in which vertical diffusion of momentum balances...
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as the Ekman balance. Some important assumptions that underlie the Ekman balance are that there are no boundaries, an infinitely deep water layer, constant...
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gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced Ekman layer. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. North Atlantic Deep...
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Downwelling (section Wind-driven Ekman transport)
across the Ekman layer to be 90° to the right of wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere and 90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Ekman transport...
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Physical oceanography (section Ekman transport)
are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see secondary circulation effects. Ekman transport results in the net transport of surface water 90 degrees to the...
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Echolocation (human) Eddy (fluid dynamics) Edge wave Eikonal equation Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation Electroencephalography...
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had his student, Vagn Walfrid Ekman, investigate. Ekman, who later described the effect now bearing his name as the Ekman spiral, demonstrated the effect...
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Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model...
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western boundary currents, since some form of dissipative effect (bottom Ekman layer) would be later shown to be necessary to predict a closed circulation...
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model the Ekman layer flow and fluxes. The linear approximation, the eddy diffusivity equation with an eddy diffusion coefficient K, allowed Ekman to obtain...
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Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model...
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direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport. Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45-degree angle from...
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Theory on the formation of rivers due to Earth's rotation Ekman layer – Force equilibrium layer in a liquid Secondary flow – Relatively minor flow superimposed...
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Geostrophic wind Taylor–Proudman theorem Hydrostatic equilibrium Ekman spiral Ekman layer Atmospheric circulation Ocean current Ocean dynamics Thermohaline...
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Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model...
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friction with a time constant of about 7 days, the spin-down time of the Ekman layer. This spin-down time is the characteristic time for the transfer of atmospheric...
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Ekman layer The layer in a fluid in which there is a force balance between the pressure-gradient force, the Coriolis force, and turbulent drag. Ekman...
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called the wind profile or wind gradient. "AMS Glossary of Meteorology, Ekman layer". American Meteorological Association. Retrieved 2015-02-15. Brown, G...
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