reign. Exiled to Algiers. Ahmed bey El Mamelouk, 1820–1822. Exiled to Miliana, where he was assassinated. Ibrahim Bey, 1822–1824, Exiled to Médéa, Assassinated...

this time against the Ottoman Empire. In 1803, Mamluk leaders Ibrahim Bey and Osman Bey al-Bardisi wrote to the Russian consul-general, asking him to...

as-Samarḳandī: Le traité Arabe Muḳaddima d'Abou-l-Laiṯ as-Samarḳandī en version Mamelouk-Kiptchak. - Warszawa : Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1962 Daiber, Hans:...