three ionization energies are defined as follows: 1st ionization energy is the energy that enables the reaction X ⟶ X+ + e− 2nd ionization energy is the...
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a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from...
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ionization rate is possible. Tunnel ionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have enough energy to...
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column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron...
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therefore the bulk of the ionization effects are due to secondary ionization. Even though photons are electrically neutral, they can ionize atoms indirectly through...
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Periodic trends (section Ionization energy)
the nucleus. It is also referred to as ionization potential. The first ionization energy is the amount of energy that is required to remove the first electron...
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Ion (section Ionization potential)
electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron...
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Ion source (redirect from Atmospheric pressure ionization)
Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M +...
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process are ionized. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams. Thermal ionization has seen...
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Radiation (section Ionizing radiation)
enough heat to raise temperatures to ionization energies. These reactions occur at far higher energies than with ionization radiation, which requires only single...
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Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons...
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(2006–) "Ionization energy". doi:10.1351/goldbook.I03199 "Binding Energy". Nuclear Power. Retrieved 16 May 2015. Bodansky, David (2005). Nuclear Energy: Principles...
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In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure...
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Stopping power (particle radiation) (redirect from Non-ionizing energy loss)
electron) requires a fixed amount of energy (for example, 33.97 eV in dry air: 305 ), the number of ionizations per path length is proportional to the...
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Mass spectrometry (redirect from Soft ionization)
example of hard ionization is electron ionization (EI). Soft ionization refers to the processes which impart little residual energy onto the subject...
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thermal-ionization if it deposits enough heat to raise temperatures to ionization energies. These reactions occur at far higher energies than with ionizing radiation...
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first two ionization energies for europium, 1632 kJ·mol−1 can be compared with that of barium 1468.1 kJ·mol−1 and europium's third ionization energy is the...
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fields Ionization energy – energy that binds an electron to its atom or molecule Kinetic energy – (≥0), energy of the motion of a body Magnetic energy – energy...
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first ionization energy is −24.587387936(25) eV. This value was measured experimentally. The theoretic value of Helium atom's second ionization energy is...
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but this generally requires low ionization energies. Instead, because of its small size and high ionization energies, the basic structural unit of boron...
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Paschen's law (section Impact ionization)
which can be accelerated to trigger impact ionization. Such so-called seed electrons can be created by ionization by natural radioactivity or cosmic rays...
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electronegativity of an atom is strongly correlated with the first ionization energy. The electronegativity is slightly negatively correlated (for smaller...
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predicted to have a lower ionization energy of 4.45 eV, so that the alkali metal in period 8 would not have the lowest ionization energy in the period, as is...
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Rydberg state (section Energy of Rydberg states)
electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula as they converge on an ionic state with an ionization energy. Although the Rydberg formula...
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meaningful form for the ionization rate above can be obtained by noting that the Bohr radius and hydrogen atom ionization energy are given by a 0 = 4 π...
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Plasma (physics) (redirect from Ionized gas)
a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density)...
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Hence, its first ionization energy would be smaller than thorium's (Th: 6.3 eV; element 122: 5.6 eV) because of the greater ease of ionizing unbibium's 8p1/2...
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orbital approximation). Ionization energies calculated this way are in qualitative agreement with experiment – the first ionization energy of small molecules...
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conductive region is less sharp, the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles...
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ionization effect has been used as a cesium ion source. At room temperature, this example finds application in semiconductors, where the ionization of...
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