a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is...

In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate...

gambler's fallacy can be illustrated by considering the repeated toss of a fair coin. The outcomes in different tosses are statistically independent and the...

expected value cannot be better than the player at a fair game, so they will go broke as well. Consider a coin-flipping game with two players where each player...

Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order...

Consider the Bernoulli trial of tossing a fair coin X {\displaystyle X} . The probabilities of the events of the coin landing as heads H {\displaystyle {\text{H}}}...

For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log2(4/1) = 2 bits. A 2011 Science article...

number T {\displaystyle T} of heads. The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair, and coin tosses are independent of one another. If a right-tailed test is...

10 flips of fair coin = 0.00098 Probability of 1 heads in 10 flips of fair coin = 0.00977 Probability of 2 heads in 10 flips of fair coin = 0.04395 Probability...

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her forget that awakening. A fair coin will be tossed to determine which experimental procedure to undertake: If the coin comes up heads, Sleeping Beauty...

The entropy of the unknown result of the next toss of the coin is maximized if the coin is fair (that is, if heads and tails both have equal probability...

gambler plays are fair. The gambler is playing a game of coin flipping. Suppose Xn is the gambler's fortune after n tosses of a fair coin, such that the...

include: Flipping a coin. In this context, obverse ("heads") conventionally denotes success and reverse ("tails") denotes failure. A fair coin has the probability...

whether a stranger who has two fair coins and one unfair coin (one with heads on both sides) has tossed one of the two fair coins or the unfair one; the stranger...

from a fair coin given that the first flip was heads is the probability of selecting a fair coin times the probability of heads for that coin divided...

probability spaces. If the experiment consists of just one flip of a fair coin, then the outcome is either heads or tails: Ω = { H , T } {\displaystyle...

distribution is tossing a coin. Suppose that S {\displaystyle S} is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin, and X {\displaystyle...

coin flip: a single parameter p H {\textstyle p_{\text{H}}} that expresses the "fairness" of the coin. The parameter is the probability that a coin lands...

of whether a tossed coin is fair (i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50% of the time) and an experiment where you toss the coin 5 times. A possible...

expected value based on population statistics. For example, suppose a fair coin is flipped 100 times. Using the law of averages, one might predict that...

outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (which has two equally likely outcomes) provides less information...

close to 50% credence that a fair coin will land on heads the next time it is flipped (minus the probability that the coin lands on its edge). If the prize...

response should be thought of as depending on the flip of a fair coin hidden in his brain: if the coin comes down heads, he speaks truly; if tails, falsely....

media related to Obverses. Coin collecting Coin flipping Coin orientation Fair coin Medallic orientation List of people on coins Recto and verso of paper...

precisely the relative frequency. For example, a fair coin toss is a Bernoulli trial. When a fair coin is flipped once, the theoretical probability that...

Coin grading is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its collectible value. A coin's grade...

Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The...

of Bernoulli trials, may be called the problem of checking whether a coin is fair. A Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of independent...

illustrated as follows. A marker is placed at zero on the number line, and a fair coin is flipped. If it lands on heads, the marker is moved one unit to the...