• Thumbnail for Neodymium
    Neodymium (section Isotopes)
    Additionally, some observationally stable isotopes of samarium are predicted to decay to isotopes of neodymium. Neodymium isotopes are used in various scientific...
    60 KB (6,904 words) - 17:22, 8 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Ytterbium
    Ytterbium (section Isotopes)
    The isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb...
    42 KB (5,233 words) - 14:22, 5 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Uranium
    Uranium (section Isotopes)
    4.5 billion years for different isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238...
    110 KB (12,404 words) - 07:41, 21 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Platinum
    Platinum (section Isotopes)
    Platinum also has 38 synthetic isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 165 to 208, making the total number of known isotopes 44. The least stable of these...
    67 KB (7,088 words) - 10:49, 12 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Silicon
    Silicon (section Isotopes)
    48 MeV of energy. The known isotopes of silicon range in mass number from 22 to 46. The most common decay mode of the isotopes with mass numbers lower than...
    87 KB (10,733 words) - 04:30, 16 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Praseodymium
    isotopes lighter than 141Pr is positron emission or electron capture to isotopes of cerium, while that of heavier isotopes is beta decay to isotopes of...
    37 KB (4,921 words) - 02:43, 17 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Plutonium
    to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized...
    139 KB (14,981 words) - 08:15, 9 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Neon
    Neon (section Isotopes)
    of isotopes of stable atoms. Thomson's device was a crude version of the instrument we now term a mass spectrometer. Neon has three stable isotopes: 20Ne...
    32 KB (3,847 words) - 14:31, 23 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Radium
    Radium (section Isotopes)
    of neptunium-237, these are the five most stable isotopes of radium. All other 27 known radium isotopes have half-lives under two hours, and the majority...
    79 KB (8,407 words) - 09:15, 16 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Cobalt
    Cobalt (section Isotopes)
    than 15 minutes. The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u (50Co) to 73 u (73Co). The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit...
    118 KB (12,096 words) - 05:33, 29 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Lutetium
    Lutetium (section Isotopes)
    isotopes are lutetium-174 with a half-life of 3.31 years, and lutetium-173 with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have...
    33 KB (4,043 words) - 14:47, 5 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Potassium
    Potassium (section Isotopes)
    stable isotopes of potassium can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. The two bosonic isotopes possess...
    94 KB (10,924 words) - 15:28, 19 December 2024
  • Radon (section Isotopes)
    is generated. Radon isotopes are the immediate decay products of radium isotopes. The instability of 222Rn, its most stable isotope, makes radon one of...
    132 KB (14,621 words) - 05:45, 16 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Zirconium
    Zirconium (section Isotopes)
    artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 77 to 114. 93Zr is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life...
    48 KB (5,525 words) - 13:38, 5 December 2024
  • Neptunium (section Isotopes)
    and iron, so as to recycle long-lived waste isotopes such as neptunium-237 into shorter-lived isotopes more useful as nuclear fuel. One neptunium-based...
    114 KB (13,744 words) - 07:49, 4 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Gallium
    Gallium (section Isotopes)
    percent upon melting. Gallium has 30 known isotopes, ranging in mass number from 60 to 89. Only two isotopes are stable and occur naturally, gallium-69...
    76 KB (9,063 words) - 16:44, 20 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Thorium
    Thorium (section Isotopes)
    ignite in air when finely divided. All known thorium isotopes are unstable. The most stable isotope, 232Th, has a half-life of 14.05 billion years, or about...
    137 KB (16,027 words) - 04:51, 19 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Lanthanum
    Lanthanum (section Isotopes)
    similarly sized to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those up to samarium and europium) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence...
    48 KB (6,048 words) - 20:52, 14 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Xenon
    Xenon (section Isotopes)
    seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay, and the isotope ratios of...
    123 KB (12,065 words) - 17:42, 30 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Holmium
    Holmium (section Isotopes)
    isotopes, and the primary products after are erbium isotopes. Natural holmium consists of one primordial isotope, holmium-165; it is the only isotope...
    37 KB (4,409 words) - 23:57, 21 December 2024
  • Mattauch isobar rule (category Isotopes)
    two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number, one of the isotopes must be radioactive. Two nuclides that have the...
    5 KB (676 words) - 11:44, 25 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Selenium
    Selenium (section Isotopes)
    isotopes primarily undergo beta plus decay to isotopes of arsenic, and isotopes heavier than the stable isotopes undergo beta minus decay to isotopes...
    95 KB (11,034 words) - 22:50, 17 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Iodine
    Iodine (section Isotopes)
    Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is also used...
    104 KB (11,655 words) - 09:15, 12 December 2024
  • Hafnium (section Isotopes)
    elements. At least 40 isotopes of hafnium have been observed, ranging in mass number from 153 to 192. The five stable isotopes have mass numbers ranging...
    47 KB (5,595 words) - 02:22, 11 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Thulium
    Thulium (section Isotopes)
    68 (erbium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes. Thulium-169 is thulium's only primordial isotope and is the only...
    28 KB (3,276 words) - 11:20, 5 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Germanium
    Germanium (section Isotopes)
    and even explosive when mixed with air. Germanium occurs in five natural isotopes: 70 Ge , 72 Ge , 73 Ge , 74 Ge , and 76 Ge . Of these, 76 Ge is very slightly...
    70 KB (7,407 words) - 18:33, 18 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Copper
    Copper (section Isotopes)
    compounds, with which it reacts to form various copper sulfides. There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63 Cu and 65 Cu are stable, with 63 Cu comprising approximately...
    123 KB (14,046 words) - 07:36, 19 December 2024
  • Thumbnail for Hydrogen
    Hydrogen (section Isotopes)
    hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation. Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1 H, 2 H and 3 H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4 H to 7 H) have...
    121 KB (12,377 words) - 14:27, 16 September 2024
  • Thumbnail for Tantalum
    Tantalum (section Isotopes)
    isotope in the Universe, taking into account the elemental abundance of tantalum and isotopic abundance of 180mTa in the natural mixture of isotopes (and...
    55 KB (6,529 words) - 16:14, 29 November 2024
  • Thumbnail for Dendrochronology
    new method is based on measuring variations in oxygen isotopes in each ring, and this 'isotope dendrochronology' can yield results on samples which are...
    50 KB (5,894 words) - 16:48, 27 November 2024