A protoplanet is a large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disk and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated...

gravitationally bound and can mimic protoplanets. In the case of GoHam b it is not clear if it is a protoplanet or just a disk fragment. JWST NIRCam...

Theia (/ˈθiːə/) is a hypothesized ancient planet in the early Solar System which, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, collided with the early Earth...

about direct interactions with planetary regoliths. Ceres is a surviving protoplanet that formed 4.56 billion years ago; alongside Pallas and Vesta, one of...

AU, and again from 13 AU out to a few hundred AU, with evidence for a protoplanet forming at a distance of around 47 AU. Estimated to be less than 10 million...

through mutual gravity, enormously aiding further growth into moon-sized protoplanets. Smaller bodies must instead rely on Brownian motion or turbulence to...

the mass of the asteroid belt. Vesta is the only known remaining rocky protoplanet (with a differentiated interior) of the kind that formed the terrestrial...

filaments cooled into numerous, tiny, solid planetesimals and a few larger protoplanets. This model received favorable support for about 3 decades, but passed...

Sahara Desert in Algeria. It is believed to be a fragment of a chondritic protoplanet that is over 4.566 billion years old, and is believed to be the oldest...

may be many protoplanets orbiting the star or each other, but over time many will collide, either to form a larger, combined protoplanet or release material...

to study disk composition and several works suggested the presence of protoplanets inside the gaps of the disk. HD 163296 was first identified in the Henry...

dynamical friction between the protoplanet and the protoplanetary disk causes energy to be transferred from the protoplanet to the disk. This results in...

thought to have been a runaway process, increasing the temperature of the protoplanet above the melting point of most components, resulting in the rapid formation...

planets. Several protoplanet candidates have been suggested in the literature starting from 2014. Nonetheless, a particular protoplanet candidate detected...

condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth...

asteroid to have been discovered, after Ceres, and is likely a remnant protoplanet. Like Ceres, it is believed to have a mineral composition similar to...

attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in the early Solar System, but they either merged or...

solar nebula as a group of planetesimals, the smaller precursors of the protoplanets. However, between Mars and Jupiter gravitational perturbations from Jupiter...

distinct signature for each Solar System body. If Theia had been a separate protoplanet, it probably would have had a different oxygen isotopic signature than...

complex debris disk containing a large planet or brown dwarf and possible protoplanet. Two further star systems have been found to have planets. The constellation...

accretion is far more problematic. The escape velocity for the small protoplanets about 20 astronomical units (AU) from the center of the Solar System...

formed the Sun, and the dust grains collected together to form the first protoplanets. As the planets grew, some of them eventually accreted enough matter...

least partly differentiated interiors, and are thought to be surviving protoplanets. The vast majority, however, are much smaller and are irregularly shaped;...

the whole asteroid belt. It was thought to be the exposed core of a protoplanet, but recent observations cast doubt on that hypothesis. Psyche will be...

ALMA showed sulfur monoxide representing an outflow from an embedded protoplanet. The position of the brightest emission coincides with a planet-carved...

accretion, the disk formed clumps of matter that, with time, became protoplanets. The radiation pressure of the solar wind then expelled most of the unaccreted...

momentum of other large debris created the means by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular center. The center of the nebula...

be classified as "evolved". Additional to a circumplanetary disk, a protoplanet can also drive an outflow. One such outflow is identified via shocked...

heat to escape from the interior of Earth into space. A theoretical protoplanet named "Theia" is thought to have collided with the forming Earth, and...

heaviest known M-type asteroid, and may be an exposed iron core of a protoplanet, the remnant of a violent collision with another object that stripped...