In cryptography, key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data...

Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption...

management climate engineering technique Key whitening, increasing the security of a cryptographic cipher Racial whitening, an ideology in Brazil 1889–1914 Blanqueamiento...

the cipher key called a round key. A key schedule is an algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key. Some ciphers have simple key schedules...

round, undo the last swap, and XOR L with K18 and R with K17 (output whitening). Decryption is exactly the same as encryption, except that P1, P2, ....

different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths:...

attempt to guess the key which is typically created from the password using a key derivation function. This is known as an exhaustive key search. This approach...

firm SoftForum. Zodiac uses a 16-round Feistel network structure with key whitening. The round function uses only XORs and S-box lookups. There are two...

symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force attack. The technique used to increase the complexity is called key whitening....

start and end of the algorithm, extra key material is XORed with the block (key whitening). Other than this, all the key is contained in the S-boxes. There...

of operation for whole-disk encryption. XEX is also a common form of key whitening, and part of some smart card proposals. In 1984, to protect DES against...

of rounds. Frequently, key whitening is used in addition to this. At the beginning and the end, the data is modified with key material (often with XOR):...

security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar)...

originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was...

changes included removing the initial and final key whitening, a new S-box, and small alterations to the key schedule. More specifically, the S-boxes were...

a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values...

a "public key" to encrypt a message and a related "private key" to decrypt it. The advantage of asymmetric systems is that the public key can be freely...

In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or...

the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers may be capable of operating on more than one block size, but...

with key whitening. Subkeys with long runs of ones or zeroes may lead to efficient attacks on MARS. The two least significant bits of round keys used...

cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance....

Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key of the Data Encryption...

tradeoff method to break block ciphers with N {\displaystyle N} possible keys in time T {\displaystyle T} and memory M {\displaystyle M} related by the...

cipher's key space – that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key. The aim in doing this was to prove that the key size of DES...

network Key schedule Lai–Massey scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening...

the key. While the number of '1' bits alone is not nearly enough information to make finding the key easy, repeated executions with the same key and different...

cryptography, a weak key is a key, which, used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. Weak keys usually represent a very...

block size. The "K-64" denotes a key size of 64 bits. There was some demand for a version with a larger 128-bit key, and the following year Massey published...

standard was needed primarily because DES had a relatively small 56-bit key which was becoming vulnerable to brute-force attacks. In addition, the DES...

similar, even identical in some cases, requiring only a reversal of the key schedule. Therefore, the size of the code or circuitry required to implement...