young women aged 18 to 25 years old wishing to find work, in 1938 the Pflichtjahr was instituted, one year of obligatory service in farming or domestic...

constitutional amendment. Those proposals are the establishment of a Soziales Pflichtjahr (German for "obligatory year of social service") or Bürgerarbeit (German...

Leipzig, where she graduated with the Abitur in 1940. She then completed a Pflichtjahr [de] followed by two years of work in an aluminum foundry and two years...

She completed her schooling in 1937 and went to Dresden to take a "Pflichtjahr" (a form of mandatory gap year) working as a childcare helper for the...