physics and particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known as isobaric...

with zero weak isospin do not. Weak isospin is a construct parallel to the idea of isospin under the strong interaction. Weak isospin is usually given...

interaction, weak isospin is conserved: The sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles entering the interaction equals the sum of the weak isospin numbers...

quarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered to be a single particle in different charged states. The mathematics of isospin was modeled after...

In particle physics, isospin multiplets are families of hadrons with approximately equal masses. All particles within a multiplet, have the same spin...

symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as isospin and denoted I (or sometimes T). Isospin is an SU(2) symmetry, like ordinary spin, so is completely...

level of the whole atom. Analogously, the five flavour quantum numbers (isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness or topness) can characterize the quantum...

particle, but in different isospin states. The mathematics of isospin was modeled after the mathematics of spin. Isospin projections varied in increments...

quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin. It is frequently denoted Y W {\displaystyle Y_{\mathsf {W}}} and corresponds...

hypercharge provides a single charge operator that accounts for properties of isospin, electric charge, and flavour. The hypercharge is useful to classify hadrons;...

without changing the dynamics of the system. These fields are the weak isospin fields W1, W2, and W3, and the weak hypercharge field B. This invariance...

as two states of the same nucleon, and together form an isospin doublet (I = 1/2). In isospin space, neutrons can be transformed into protons and conversely...

not only electric charge, but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin. Because of a phenomenon known as color confinement, a hadron cannot have...

representation (T =  1 /2) of the weak isospin SU(2) gauge symmetry. This means that these particles are eigenstates of the isospin projection T3 with eigenvalues...

strong interactions, isospin symmetry remains a useful calculational tool, and its violation introduces corrections to the isospin-symmetric results. Because...

called an isospin singlet, mathematically analogous to how a spin-0 particle behaves under ordinary rotation. In general, particles form isospin multiplets...

In particular, since χ ∈ L has weak isospin 1/2 like the Higgs field H, and η {\displaystyle \eta } has weak isospin 0, the mass parameter M can be generated...

flavor symmetry. This classification scheme organized the hadrons into isospin multiplets, but the physical basis behind it was still unclear. In 1964...

leptons involved, following the convention in use for the sign of weak isospin and the sign of strangeness quantum number (for quarks), both of which...

Heisenberg–Langevin equations Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian Kramers–Heisenberg formula Isospin Matrix mechanics C*-algebra Exchange interaction Electron hole theory Mott...

quarks each. The isospin analogy also applies to quarks, and is the source of the names up (as in "isospin up") and down (as in "isospin down") for the...

component of the isospin "vector". G-parity is a combination of charge conjugation and a π rad (180°) rotation around the 2nd axis of isospin space. Given...

SU(3) flavor symmetry. This ordered hadrons into isospin multiplets. The physical basis behind both isospin and strangeness was only explained in 1964, when...

distinguished from neutrinos by having opposite-signed lepton number and weak isospin, and right-handed instead of left-handed chirality. To conserve total lepton...

weak isospin SU(2) transformations the left-handed particles are weak-isospin doublets, whereas the right-handed are singlets – i.e. the weak isospin of...

antiparticle. Together, the pions form a triplet of isospin. Each pion has isospin (I = 1) and third-component isospin equal to its charge (Iz = +1, 0 or −1). The...

angle can be expressed in terms of the SU(2)L and U(1)Y couplings (weak isospin g and weak hypercharge g′, respectively), cos ⁡ θ w = g     g 2 + g ′  ...

particle, but with different isospin quantum numbers; conventionally, the proton is isospin up, while the neutron is isospin down. The strong force is invariant...

as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given...

particle physics, a rho meson is a short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet whose three states are denoted as ρ+ , ρ0 and ρ− . Along with pions...